User:Kimmietran/sandbox

Banteay Srei
My PE organization is called Banteay Srei. It is located in Oakland, CA. Banteay Srei is a youth centered organization under Asian Health Services. It was founded in 2004 when medical providers at Asian Health Services noticed certain patterns amongst young girls who came into the clinic. Knowing that Oakland has a high rate of sex trafficking, especially among young Southeast Asian women and girls, Banteay Srei serves to provide case management services and prevention education youth programs weekly. I will be assisting with facilitation of the youth programs as well as receive training about scans for the CSEC.

Selected article
Sex trafficking in the United States

I can create a section about immigrants under the types of trafficking section. Many immigrants have a higher risk of being sex trafficked since there can be language barriers, lack of documentation, etc. I would like to add the intersection of immigration and trafficking into this article.

I want to research more on other ways that immigration status, race, and ethnicity increases the risk for sexual exploitation and specifically towards the Southeast Asian immigrant and refugee population, which is the community that my PE organization serves.

Related articles
International Boulevard (Oakland, California)

My PE organization discusses the sex trafficking that very often occurs on International Boulevard in Oakland. I can expand on this article, discussing the history of sex trafficking in that area and what efforts organizations/communities are taking to combat it.

Chinatown, Oakland

My PE organization is located here. I can expand on this article and discuss how this center of immigrants and different Asian ethnicities create a home for many Asian immigrant and refugees, who are the target population that my PE organization works with.

Cambodian Americans

Add to issues section, about trafficking.

Immigration

This is related because is discusses how many immigrants, especially those who are undocumented, may be exploited for their labor.

Selected article
Commercial sexual exploitation of children

My PE org works to counter CSEC, utilizing CSEC protocol standards and scans. Discuss recovery approach from trafficking. I would like to add a recovery approach section to this article and discuss different types of recovery approaches centered on countering the CSEC.

I want to research more about how a recovery approach can provide a different effects and impact compared to more legal or policy based work.

Link to positive youth development to recovery from trafficking

I can also add to the Trafficking of Children page under the proposed solutions section. I can add recovery approach as opposed to the legal or policy based work. However, the Trafficking of children is very broad and does not specify the sexual exploitation of children.

Related articles
Sex trafficking in the United States

I can add to this article in the Anti-Sex trafficking organizations section to discuss to unique, culturally-specific, and trauma-informed methods that my PE organization uses.

Trafficking of children

My PE org works to counter the trafficking of children. I can add to the proposed solutions of this article, especially about prevention education.

Positive youth development

This article is very relevant to my PE org. We follow a lot of these practices already. I can add to the gender, and ethnic minorities section to further discuss what PYD can be used for. I can also add to this article by writing what actual practices follow the PYD theory. This article vaguely explains the theory but does not go into detail about the ways in which it is put in practice and occurs.

World Vision International

Article Evaluations
I evaluated the article Positive youth development


 * Detailed lead section:
 * The lead section explains what the term means
 * It explains what PYD rejects and what it encourages
 * It also mentions how PYD is currently being implemented.
 * It is a good, brief, and clear summary of the entire article.
 * Clear structure:
 * The subheadings are: Background, Goals, Ways to use PYD, and models of implementation
 * The structure is clear however I wonder if there is a better way to shorten the subheading "Using PYD to address stereotypes and inequality"
 * Balanced content:
 * The content is well written with nothing out of the ordinary or off-topic.
 * Neutral tone:
 * It sounds a bit bias in favoring the theory
 * It does not show discuss any negative aspects of PYD
 * Good sourcing:
 * The article uses a variety of sources that are all scholarly articles
 * This article's talk page discusses
 * Someone has recommended that future editors expand the implementation section with more global examples, especially in America, and add to the Key Constructs section
 * Otherwise, it does not have much other discussion
 * This article is part of wiki projects related to Social Work and Sociology
 * it has a low rating of importance and received a C-rating on the Social Work wikiproject's quality scale
 * it was an educational assignment from a student in an education program at Drake University in 2014, as a part of a Global Youth Studies class

Area

 * McDonald, William F. (2018). The Criminal Victimization of Immigrants. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Department of Sociology, Georgetown University Retrieved March 4, 2019 from Springer Nature. https://link-springer-com.libproxy.berkeley.edu/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-69062-9#toc
 * This article explains how immigrants are vulnerable to exploitation due to reasons such as language barriers, their culture, lack of resources, etc. It details how there are predators who exploit the disadvantages. This article provides many examples on how immigrants are more vulnerable to exploitation and coercion such as targeting clients who sought citizenship or work papers. This article will help me add specific details and examples to the section about the intersection of immigration status and human trafficking to the W. Article I chose


 * Hua, J.(2011). Trafficking Women’s Human Rights. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved March 4, 2019, from Project MUSE database https://muse-jhu-edu.libproxy.berkeley.edu/book/24813 https://muse-jhu-edu.libproxy.berkeley.edu/chapter/897474/pdf
 * This article discusses the fetishization of Asian women as “sensuous, promiscuous,” which often leads to the targeted trafficking of young Asian women. It addresses how sex trafficking is also a race, gender, sexuality, and national belonging discourse. This article is very specific to the Asian population, which is the population my PE organization works with. This article will help me understand why my PE organization focuses on Asian survivors of trafficking, as well as help me add to the W. article and explain why people of color and immigrant/refugees are often more targeted for trafficking.
 * Jolluck, K. R. (2017). The Gordian Knot of Prostitution and Trafficking. Journal of Women's History 29(4), 196-203. Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved March 4, 2019, from Project MUSE database. https://muse-jhu-edu.libproxy.berkeley.edu/article/679749
 * This article describes the way in which victims of trafficking and exploitation fear deportation, especially if they are undocumented immigrants. It describes how trafficking becomes complicated, especially in regards to immigration status. This article can provide further insight on how immigrants can be threatened with deportation or criminalization which makes them more likely to be targets of trafficking. I can use this article to create a section about immigration status on the W. Article I chose
 * Bingham A. (2017) Duality and Ambiguity: Prostitution, Performance and the Vagaries of Modernity in Japanese Cinema. In: Hipkins D., Taylor-Jones K. (eds) Prostitution and Sex Work in Global Cinema. Global Cinema. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
 * This chapter discusses the fetishization of Asian Women, specifically Japanese women through the explanation of a film. This article relates to my work because it discusses how fetishization can lead to targeted trafficking and sexual exploitation of Asian women.
 * Williams, Phil. (2005) Illegal Immigration and Commercial Sex: The New Slave Trade. New York, NY: Frank Cass Publishers.
 * This book talks about the intersections of illegal immigration and commercial sex. It provides many examples of the circumstances that immigrants undergo in the process of their immigration and being trafficked. It also discusses the Asian economic crisis which might lead to the targeting of Asian people for trafficking.

Sector

 * Shigekane, R. (2007). Rehabilitation and Community Integration of Trafficking Survivors in the United States. Human Rights Quarterly 29(1), 112-136. Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved March 4, 2019, from Project MUSE database. https://muse-jhu-edu.libproxy.berkeley.edu/article/209785
 * This article discusses how trafficking affects refugees and immigrants and issues that the survivors face after trafficking or lack in order to escape trafficking, such as skills for independent living. This article also provides models for rehabilitation and community integration, with examples of different organizations, even organizations that specifically serve the refugee population which is similar to the work my PE organization provides. This article can help me create the recovery approach section of my W. article since it discusses culturally-competent approaches that consider homeland practices and cultural values.
 * Greif, G., & Knight, C. (2017). Group Work with Populations At-Risk (Vol. Fourth edition), 313-327. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.libproxy.berkeley.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1273032&site=ehost-live
 * This chapter discusses benefits and methods of group work with survivors of sex trafficking. It is a very specific piece that specifies what survivors of sex trafficking undergo and how to be trauma-informed when providing service to the survivors. The chapter also outlines practice principles that are based on actual experience in group work practice. This trauma-informed method and explanation of common themes that occur within survivors of trafficking can help me add to the recovery approach since it outlines specific aspects that rehabilitation should cover such as mutual aid, creating a culture of safety, reducing shame, etc.
 * Brysk, A.(2012). From Human Trafficking to Human Rights: Reframing Contemporary Slavery, 195-216. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved March 4, 2019, from Project MUSE database. https://muse-jhu-edu.libproxy.berkeley.edu/chapter/409133
 * This chapter states that “rethinking trafficking requires shifting our focus from abolition to emancipation… from protection to empowerment” (216). The chapter discusses the mobilization of community to take a recovery approach to assist survivors of human trafficking, including providing sustainable resources and supportive services. This reframing contrasts with the legal advocacy and criminalization of trafficking typically discussed in conversations about ending human trafficking. I can use the examples described in the section I will add about recovery approaches in the CSEC W. article.
 * Estes, R. J., & Weiner, N. A. (2001). The commercial sexual exploitation of children in the US, Canada and Mexico. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Work, Center for the Study of Youth Policy. https://abolitionistmom.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Complete_CSEC_0estes-weiner.pdf
 * Baker, C. (2018). Fighting the US Youth Sex Trade: Gender, Race, and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108225045
 * This book discusses the current movement and efforts to counter CSEC, and provides a lot of details about youth agency and self-determination which are themes that my PE organization focuses on as well. I also like the parts about how survivors of trafficking become advocates to counter trafficking and often become leaders of anti-trafficking organizations or rehabilitation services.
 * Lewis, J. (2010). Shifting the Focus: Restorative Justice and Sex Work. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 52(3), 285-301. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from Project MUSE database https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381536
 * Lewis, J. (2010). Shifting the Focus: Restorative Justice and Sex Work. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 52(3), 285-301. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from Project MUSE database https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381536
 * Lewis, J. (2010). Shifting the Focus: Restorative Justice and Sex Work. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 52(3), 285-301. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from Project MUSE database https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381536
 * Lewis, J. (2010). Shifting the Focus: Restorative Justice and Sex Work. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 52(3), 285-301. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from Project MUSE database https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381536



Area
From my research I have understood that trafficking is a very profitable crime for traffickers; thus, there are many efforts to coerce, manipulate, and scam people into being trafficked. With the increase/spread of poverty, war, and violence in developing countries as well as certain areas in the United States, many immigrants and refugees thus are targets of trafficking due to their need for work, money, documentation, etc. Traffickers often payoff immigration officers in order to receive false passports and visas. Immigrants are also barred from going to the authorities due to language and cultural barriers, distrust in the government, and their own immigration status, especially undocumented immigrations. This intersection of immigration status, race, ethnicity, and trafficking leads to the increase of immigrants who are or were sexually exploited. Furthermore, race plays into trafficking as many people of color are exoticified and fetishized, and more desired in the trafficking market. The racialized sexuality of Asians ties Asianness to ideas of hypersexuality, sensuality, and promiscuousness, leading to South and Southeast Asia having the largest number of victims trafficked internationally. Laws such as the White Slave Traffic Act, exclude victims who are not the ideal youthful, white, and innocent victim; instead, trafficked women of color are often arrested and incarcerated. Thus, women of color are not only more likely to be trafficked, they are also more likely to be arrested for being trafficked. In many countries, violence against women has deep cultural roots, which might cause internalization and normalization of violence and lead to vulnerability for trafficking. Mail-order brides, where women from poor countries have arranged marriages with foreign men, are also very popular, which perpetuates the fetishization for Asian women.





Sector
I have learned that there are specific ways to provide services in a recovery approach. Ever since the Trafficking Victims Protection Act passed, many organizations and efforts have started up to advocate for the protection of those who are currently or previously sexually exploited. The articles I have read focus on the needs of the survivors, such as lack of basic skills, confidence and support, and describe methods that would be most efficient and beneficial to the survivors of sex trafficking. I understand the intersections between being young, female, a refugee, and a survivor of sex trafficking, which create complex and specific issues that one must consider and be critically conscious about when providing services and resources. There has been discussions about approaches to end trafficking and debates about which approach is most efficient and useful. The many different approaches include: law and order approach, human rights approach, and harm reduction and protection. Some people advocate for rights-based development, where the enslaved and at-risk should be able to participate in the planning of projects and have continued involvement. In the 1970s, there were women organizing for and against the sex trade, one group who want to eliminate prostitution and the other argued for women's right to control their bodies. One also suggests trauma-informed group work as a form of recovery for the victims, in which a survivor may be a co-facilitator.

Area
italicized = part from Wikipedia Article

Immigrants have a high risk of being trafficked often due to their lack of documentation, language and cultural barriers, distrust in the government, etc. They often have difficulties contacting authorities or others for support due to inabilities to understand the language or the laws of the area. Undocumented immigrants are especially vulnerable as they are unable to meet with authorities without fear of deportation or arrest for engaging in illegal activities.

The circumstances that lead individuals to migrate elsewhere also cause them to become more desperate for employment and money in the countries they immigrated to. Traffickers may take advantage of this state and offer low paying, underground employment, from which victims can fall into great debt and can be forced into prostitution. Traffickers often target immigrants through means of coercion, such as false promises of citizenship papers and documents.They can also partner with corrupt immigration officers, where payoffs can allow the acquisition of false visas and passports. Traffickers may target those who are interested in leaving their home country by promising delivery to a destination, however, the destination is vastly different than promised and victims are left vulnerable and become trafficked.

Race plays into trafficking as many people of color, especially the Asian population, are exoticified and fetishized, and more desired in the sex trafficking market. The racialized sexuality of Asians ties Asianness to ideas of hypersexuality, sensuality, and promiscuousness, leading to South and Southeast Asia having the largest number of victims trafficked internationally.

Out of the 45,000-50,000 children brought to the U.S., 30,000 came from Asia.

In the 1970s, the first wave of trafficked women comprised mostly of Filipino and Thai women. In 1875, Congress passed the Page Act, which barred Asian women from entering the United States assuming that they were prostitutes.

Sex tourism perpetuates the purchase of sex from individuals from developing countries, as consumers visit countries like Thailand or Sri Lanka.

Mail-order brides, where women from poor countries have arranged marriages with foreign men, are also very popular, which perpetuate the fetishization for Asian women. Many women from the Philippines become mail order brides in order to seek a better life; however, many end up brutalized or dead. 20,000 and 30,000 women have entered the United States using an international marriage broker, and in 1989-1998, 150,000 Filipino women left the Philippines as fiancees or spouses of foreigners.

''In 1910, the US Congress passed the White Slave Traffic Act of 1910 (better known as the Mann Act), which made it a felony to transport women across state borders for the purpose of "prostitution or debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose". Its primary stated intent was to address prostitution, immorality, and human trafficking particularly where it was trafficking for the purposes of prostitution.''

'''The Act was believed to have excluded victims who were not young white victims, as women of color were often blamed, arrested, incarcerated.  '''

''The Act was subsequently renewed in 2004, 2006, and 2008. It established two stipulations an applicant has to meet in order to receive the benefits of a T-Visa. First, a trafficked victim must prove/admit to being trafficked and second must submit to prosecution of his or her trafficker. In 2011, Congress failed to re-authorize the Act.''

Due to language/cultural barriers, mistrust in the government, and fear of persecution, trafficked victims often do not want to prosecute their trafficker. This leads to their inability to attain the visa.

The San Francisco Chronicle reported in 2006 that in the 21st century, women, mostly from South America, Southeast Asia, and the former Soviet Union, are trafficked into the United States for the purposes of sexual slavery.[26] A 2006 ABC News story stated that, contrary to existing misconceptions, American citizens may also be coerced into sex slavery.[27]

''From January 2007 through September 2008, there were 1,229 alleged cases of human trafficking nationally; 1,018 of them, nearly 83 percent, were sex trafficking cases. Sex trafficking has a close relationship with migrant smuggling operations headed by Mexican, Eastern European, and Asian crime organizations. 'Migrants from countries wrecked by violence are displaced groups and flee the countries as refugees, such as from countries in Southeast Asia. The circumstances that lead individuals to migrate elsewhere cause them to become more desperate for employment and money in the countries they immigrated to. Traffickers often target immigrants through means of coercion, such as false promises of citizenship papers and documents.They can also partner with corrupt immigration officers, where payoffs can allow the acquisition of false visas and passports.'''

''According to a report conducted by the University of Pennsylvania, anywhere from 100,000 up to 300,000 American children at any given time may be at risk of exploitation due to factors such as drug use, homelessness, or other factors connected with increased risk for commercial sexual exploitation. However, the report emphasized, "The numbers presented in these exhibits do not, therefore, reflect the actual number of cases of CSEC in the United States but, rather, what we estimate to be the number of children ‘at risk’ of commercial sexual exploitation." Richard J. Estes, one of the report's authors, noted that the report was based on 25 year old data, and was out of date because the world of the 1990s "was quite a different one from that in which we live today." A report from the University of New Hampshire says that only 1,700 kids reported having engaged in prostitution. David Finkelhor, one of the authors of that report, said "Given that running away has declined, I wouldn’t put any stock in these figures as indicators of what is going on today".'' People of color may also have high risks of sex trafficking due to lack of documentation, fear, distrust, etc. They often have difficulties contacting authorities or others for support due to inabilities to understand the language or the laws of the area.

Sector
italicized = part from Wikipedia Article

Bold: New information

undefined

From the passing of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, many organizations and efforts have been created to advocate for those at risk of sexual exploitation. A significant drift into two main sides of debate over the sex trade caused separation between the organizations advocating for the same population. In the 1970s, there were women organizing for and against the sex trade, one group who want to eliminate prostitution and the other argued for women's right to control their bodies in sexual freedom. The latter group, for instance, believed that The Parens Patriae Doctrine, which grants the state the power to intervene to protect individuals who cannot protect themselves, is a paternalistic interpretation by an outside party, with little consideration of the victims' perceptions, needs, autonomy, and self-determination, implied by the usage of the words "saved" and "rescued". It was typically Evangelical Christians who believed in eliminating prostitution, and women’s rights advocates who believed the latter.

Solutions to child trafficking, or "anti-trafficking actions", can be roughly classified into four categories:[98]


 * Broad protection: "To prevent children and former victims from being (re)trafficked"
 * Prevention: "Of the crime of child trafficking and the exploitation that is its end result"
 * Law enforcement: "In particular within a labour context and relating to labour laws and regulations"
 * Protection: "all steps towards the redress of their grievance, rehabilitation and helping to establish her/him."[99]

''Broad protection actions are geared towards children who could potentially be trafficked, and include raising awareness about child trafficking, particularly in vulnerable communities.[98] This type of outreach also includes policies geared towards improving the economic statuses of vulnerable families, so that reasonable alternatives are available to them, other than sending their children to work.[98] Examples of this include increasing employment opportunities for adults and conditional cash transfer programs. Another major broad protection program that has been readily endorsed by UN.GIFT, the I.L.O, and UNICEF involves facilitating gender equality, specifically by enhancing both boys' and girls' access to affordable, quality education.[97][98][100] 'Other forms of protection and resources are conveniently located clinics, clean water, sustainable environments, and financial literacy. '''

''Another way to raise awareness for child trafficking is by communities from all over the world dedicating a week to this situation. Observing the 2012 Human Trafficking Awareness Day in the US, and wider world. Community groups along with police enforcements are collaborating to organize events as well as in depth information sessions and support groups for the victims. The events held by communities could include films, guest speakers, booths, and many more things that can help people understand the seriousness of this issue. The ICE (Human Trafficking) has a help line for victims as well as conducts awareness in the U.S.A communities through the ICE In Plain Sight Campaign.''

Preventative actions are more focused on addressing the actual practice of child trafficking, specifically by implementing legal frameworks that are aimed to both deter and prosecute traffickers.[17][98] This involves the adoption and implementation of the International Labour Organization's international labour standards, as well as the development of safe and legal migration practices.[98]

''Law enforcement refers to the actual prosecution of traffickers; UNICEF maintains that successful prosecution of child traffickers is the surest way to send a message that child trafficking will not be tolerated.[98] Traffickers can be "caught" at any one of the three steps of trafficking: recruitment, movement, and/or exploitation; anti-trafficking laws as well as child labour laws must then be appropriately enforced and having them properly implemented. The development of grassroots surveillance systems has also been suggested by UNICEF which would enable communities to immediately report signs of child trafficking to legal authorities.[98] 'However, some anti-trafficking groups, such as the Young Women's Empowerment Project, are against working with law enforcement due to cases where law enforcement officials played roles in the exploitation of the victim. In June 2016, 14 Oakland Police officers were alleged to have been involved in a sex scandal involving a teenaged prostitute, including some while she was allegedly a minor. '''

 'Protection begins first with victim identification; child trafficking laws must specifically and appropriately define what constitutes a "trafficking victim".[98] Legal processes must then be in place for removing children from trafficking situations, and returning them either to their families or other appropriate settings.[98] Victims should also be provided with individualized and supportive physical and psychological rehabilitation in order to establish him or her self. '''Youth-specific vulnerabilities such as homelessness, lack of family, mistrust, lack of socialization, coercive relationships, substance abuse, and lack of education can cause challenges for in the process of rehabilitation for some children. Trauma-informed programs, prevention education programs, survivor-led centers, and other recovery and community integration programs are options as well. Some people advocate for rights-based development, where the at-risk should be able to participate in the planning of projects and have continued involvement. ' This recuperation can take quite a length of time but, with the individual having the correct support, they can work towards a functional life.[98] Finally, steps should be taken to avoid "double victimization" - in other words, to ensure that formerly trafficked children are treated as victims, and not as criminals.[98] An example of "double victimization" would be a child who was illegally trafficked into sexual exploitation in the United States, and then, once free from trafficking, is prosecuted for being an illegal migrant. The End Trafficking Project is the initiative to raise awareness about child trafficking and help people take action to protect children. [101] The UNICEF has come up with ways to help children from child exploitation and the risk factors that need to be addressed.[102] These include:''

 
 * Helping parents provide a living wage, so the children won't have to support the family
 * Lobbying governments and others to develop laws and strengthen child protection systems to prevent violence and abuse
 * Supporting the training of professionals working with children,and police and border officials to help stop trafficking.
 * Working with communities and organizations to change societal norms that make children more vulnerable to exploitation