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ABSTRACT

This paper will analyze the wave theory of light. Huygens describes the propagation of light using light waves formed by the motion of an Ethereal matter. Fresnel describes diffraction using interfering light-waves produced by the vibration of an elastic fluid yet diffraction forms in a vacuum that is void of an elastic fluid, composed of matter; consequently, Maxwell introduces an electromagnetic theory of light, based on Faraday induction experiment but induction is not luminous. Hertz's spark gap experiment is used to structurally unite light with induction but Hertz's spark gap emits electrons yet induction is also not an ionization effect which proves light is not an electromagnetic phenomenon and contradicts the wave theory of light.

Optica!

Ben T. Ito

August 27, 2015

This paper will analyze the wave theory of light.

§ 1. Introduction

The ancient Greeks believed the eye sent out feelers that emanated from the eye and felt the object being observed. In the Middle East, Iraqi scholars studying the ancient Greek writings resulted in the advent of the light ray theory: Kindi (b. 801 AD) introduced the theory of vision, where light rays, interacting with the eye, formed vision. Haytham (b. 965) enhanced Kindi's light ray theory, by dissecting the eye and evaluating the anatomy of the eye, resulting in the invention of the two lens magnifier that Sirian scholar Shatir (b. 1304) used to form the theory that planets revolved around the sun. Copernicus (1474) used Shatir's diagrams and calculations to describe planets revolving around the sun. Galileo (b. 1564) used the design of the Arabian two lens magnifier in the construction of the astronomic telescope. Galileo (1610) discovered the rings of Saturn, and supported Shartir's theory. Leibniz (b. 1646) studied the area problem of a planetary orbital ellipse and discovered the mathematical derivative.

Fresnel (1819) describes diffraction using interfering light-waves produced by the vibration of an elastic fluid that forms the intensity of the diffraction pattern. Maxwell (1864) depicted polarization using transverse light waves, formed by the motion, of an elastic medium yet the propagation, diffraction and polarization effects of light form in vacuum, that is void of an optical ether, composed of matter. Michelson (1881) tests for the existence of Fresnel's optical ether (Michelson, p. 120), composed of matter, but the result was negative. Lorentz (1899) reversed the negative result of Michelson's experiment (Lorentz, § 9) to justify the existence of Fresnel's ether, and Einstein (1917) reverses the negative result of Michelson-Morley experiment to justify the existence of Fresnel's ether but light propagating in vacuum is definitive and irreversible experimental proof Fresnel's ether does not physically exist. Einstein (1910) describes an electromagnetic ether (Einstein4, § 1) but the electromagnetic field of Einstein's electromagnetic ether originates from Faraday's induction effect that is not luminous.

Maxwell's (1864) electromagnetic theory of light, based on Faraday's induction effect, was introduced, since induction forms in vacuum but induction is not luminous; consequently, Poynting (1884) supports Maxwell's theory by deriving an electromagnetic energy equation of light (Poynting, p. 358) but Poynting's current wire is also not luminous. Hertz (1887) supports Maxwell by structurally uniting light with induction, using a spark gap experiment, that emits light and the radio induction effect, but Hertz's spark gap also emits electrons yet induction is not an ionization effect. Planck (1901) attempts to structurally unite light with induction using the blackbody radiation effect but Planck's blackbody also emits electrons. In Einstein's (1905) electrodynamics, Einstein alters the dimensions of Maxwell's equations to justify Maxwell's theory but manipulating the coordinate system of Maxwell's equations does not change the fact that Maxwell's equations are derived using Faraday's induction effect that is not luminous. The analysis of the wave theory of light begins with Huygens' principle.

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§ 2. Fresnel

In Fresnel's paper, "Memorie su la Diffraction de la Lumiere" (1819), Fresnel describes light waves formed by the vibration of the elastic fluid (optical ether).

"21. If we call λ the length of a light-wave, that is to say, the distance between two points in the ether where vibrations of the same kind are occurring at the same time" (Fresnel, § 21).

"Admitting that light consists in vibrations of the ether similar to sound-waves, we can easily account for the inflection of rays of light at sensible distances from the diffraction body." (Fresnel, § 33).

"APPLICATIONS OF HUYGENS'S PRINCIPLE TO THE PHENOMENA OF DIFFRACTION

43. Having determined the resultant of any number of trains of light-waves. I shall now show how by the aid of these interference formulae and by the principle of Huygens alone it is possible to explain, and even to compute, all the phenomena of diffraction. This principle, which I consider as a rigorous deduction from the basal hypothesis, may be expressed thus: The vibrations at each point in the wave-front may be considered as the sum of the elementary motions which at any one instant are sent to that point from all parts of this same wave in any one of its pervious* positions, each of these parts acting independently the one of the other. It follows from the principle of the superposition of small motions that the vibrations produced at any point in an elastic fluid" (Fresnel, § 43).

Fresnel's diffraction effect of light is based on interfering light waves formed by the motion of an elastic fluid yet diffraction forms in vacuum that is void of matter (fluid) which proves Fresnel's interference mechanism of light is invalid.

Fresnel derives a diffraction intensity equation by summating the interfering light waves' amplitudes, at the diffraction screen, using a line integral.

"Hence the intensity of the vibration at P resulting from all these small disturbances is

{ [ ʃ dz cos (π z2 (a + b) / abλ) ]2 + [ ʃ dz sin (π z2 (a + b) / abλ)]2 }1/2 "..................................1

(Fresnel, § 53). Fresnel is using a line integral to summate the interfering light waves' amplitudes, at the diffraction screen, but a line integral represents the length of the wave AMI which proves Fresnel's derivation of the diffraction intensity equation of light is mathematically invalid.

§ 3. Maxwell

In Maxwell's paper, "Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" (1864), Maxwell describes an electromagnetic theory of light based on Faraday's induction effect.

"ON ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION" (Maxwell, Part II).

"If, therefore, the phenomena described by Faraday in the Ninth Series of his Experimental Researches were the only known facts about electric currents, the laws of Ampere relating to the attraction of conductors carrying currents as well as those of Faraday about the mutual induction of currents, might be deduced by mechanical reasoning." (Maxwell, Part II).

"ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT" (Maxwell, Part VI).

"We then examine electromagnetic phenomena, seeking for their explanation in the properties of the field which surrounds the electrified or magnetic bodies." (Maxwell, Part VI).

Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light is based on Faraday's induction effect but induction is not luminous; consequently, Poynting (1884) supports Maxwell's theory by deriving an electromagnetic energy equation of light but Poynting's current wire, that forms Poynting electric and magnetic fields, is also not luminous. Hertz's (1887) attempts to structurally unite light with induction, using a spark gap experiment (Hertz, § 4), that emits light and the radio induction effect, but Hertz's spark gap also emits electrons yet induction is not an ionization effect which is experimental proof light is not an electromagnetic phenomenon. Planck (1901) and Einstein (1905) uses the blackbody radiation effect, that emits light and the radio induction effect, to structurally unite light with induction (Planck, Intro. & Part I), (Einstein2, Intro. &  § 4), in the derivation of Planck's energy element (hv) and Einstein's energy quanta (Rβv/N), but the blackbody also emits electrons.

Maxwell's equations are derived using Faraday's induction effect.

"Equations of Magnetic Force.

uα' = dH/dy - dG/dz............................................2

uβ' = dF/dz - dH/dx.............................................3

uλ' = dG/dx - dF/dy.............................................4

Equations of Currents...

dλ/dy - dβ/dz = 4πp'...........................................5

dα/dz - dλ/dx = 4πq'............................................6

dβ/dx - dα/dy = 4πr'............................................7

We may call these the Equations of Currents." (Maxwell, Part III).

Maxwell's equations are derived using Faraday's induction effect that is not luminous.

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Maxwell represents polarization using transverse waves formed by the motion of an elastic medium.

"(91) At the commencement of this paper we made use of the optical hypothesis of an elastic medium through which the vibrations of light are propagated" (Maxwell, Part VI).

"the disturbance at any point is transverse to the direction of propagation, and such waves may have all the properties of polarized light." (Maxwell, Part VI).

Polarized light propagates in vacuum that is void of an elastic medium (ether), composed of matter, which contradicts the existence of Maxwell's transverse light waves that are used to represent polarization. In addition, a transverse wave is a surface wave that cannot form within a volume since a disturbance within a volume produces a spherical wave that forms a longitudinal wave.

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§ 4. Einstein's Electrodynamics

In Einstein's paper, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (1905), Einstein alters the coordinate system of Maxwell's equations to justify light propagating in vacuum (empty space).

"§ 6. Transformation of the Maxwell-Hertz equations for empty space. On the nature of the electromotive forces that arise upon motion in a magnetic field.

Let the Maxwell-Hertz equations for empty space be valid for the system at rest K, so that we have

dX/dt = dN/dy - dM/dz.................................................8

dY/dt = dL/dz - dN/dx..................................................9

dZ/dt = dM/dx - dL/dy..................................................10

.......................................................................................

dL/dt = dY/dz - dZ/dy...................................................11

dM/dt = dZ/dx - dX/dz..................................................12

dN/dt = dX/dy - dY/dx...................................................13

where (X,Y,Z) denotes the vector of the electric force, and (L,M,N) that of the magnetic force." Einstein1, § 6).

β = 1/(1 - v2/c2)1/2...................................................................14

Applying equation 14 to the coordinate system of Maxwell's equations,

"X' = X............................ L' = L..................................15a,b

Y' = β[Y - (v/c)N]............. M'= β[M + (v/c)Z]....................16a,b

Z' = β[Z + (v/c)M],.............N' = β[N - (v/c)Y]"..................17a,b

(Einstein1, § 6). Altering the coordinates system of Maxwell's equations does not change the fact that vacuum is void of an optical ether, composed of matter, nor does altering the coordinate system change the fact that Maxwell's equations are derived using Faraday's induction effect that is not luminous. In addition, the electromagnetic transverse wave equations of light cannot be derived using Maxwell's equations since Maxwell's equations represent a spherical wave that forms a longitudinal wave which proves Einstein's electrodynamics, based on Maxwell's theory, is physically invalid.

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§ 5. Einstein's Inertial Mass and Aberration

In Einstein's paper, "Does the Inertia of a Body depend upon its Energy Content?" (1905), Einstein describes the inertial mass of an electromagnetic photon.

"There I based myself upon the Maxwell-Hertz equations for empty space along with Maxwell's expression for the electromagnetic energy" (Einstein3, p. 639).

"Let this body simultaneously emit plane waves of light of energy L/2" (Einstein3, p. 640).

"The kinetic energy of the body with respect to (ξ,η,ς) decreases as a result of the emission of light..... If a body releases the energy L in the form of radiation, its mass decreases by L/V2." (Einstein2, p. 641).

Einstein's L/V2 represents the inertial mass (m) of a massless electromagnetic photon where L represent the energy E of an electromagnetic photon and V2 represents the velocity of light c2; consequently, Einstein's inertial mass L/V2, that represents the inertial mass of the electromagnetic photon, cannot be used to justify the existence of Fresnel's optical ether, composed of matter (solid, liquid or gas). In addition, Einstein uses the aberration of light (Einstein1, § 7)  to justify the formation of an electromagnetic light wave but aberration represents a deflection of light in a single direction yet the formation of a light wave requires two opposing motions, at near simultaneous intervals; this problem is similar to the quantum mechanic electron probability waves that electron's position probability cannot form a negative value.

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§ 6. Conclusion

Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light, based on Faraday's induction effect, is introduced since induction forms in vacuum but induction is not luminous; consequently, Poynting supports Maxwell's theory by deriving an EM energy equation of light but Poynting's current wire is also not luminous. Hertz attempts to support Maxwell by structurally uniting light with induction, using a spark gap experiment, that emits light and the radio induction effect, but Hertz's spark gap emits electrons yet induction is not an ionization effect. In addition, Planck (1901) uses the blackbody radiation effect to support Maxwell's theory but Planck's blackbody also emits electrons. The emission of light is always accompanied by the emission of electrons yet Faraday's induction effect is not ionization effect which proves light is not an electromagnetic induction phenomenon.

Lorentz is justifying the existence of Fresnel's ether, composed of matter, by reversing the negative result of Michelson's experiment yet light propagating in vacuum proves Fresnel's ether does not physically exist. In Einstein's (1905) electrodynamics (SR), Einstein alters the dimensions of Maxwell's equations to justify light propagating in vacuum but manipulating the coordinate system of Maxwell's equations does not change the fact that vacuum is void of matter, nor does Einstein's coordinate system transformation change the fact that Maxwell's equations are derived using Faraday's induction effect that is not luminous. Einstein (1910) describes an electromagnetic ether (Einstein4, § 1) but Maxwell's electromagnetic field originates from Faraday's induction effect. Also, Einstein (1917) uses the reversal of the negative result of Michelson-Morley experiment to justify the existence of Fresnel's ether, composed of matter (Einstein, s 16).

§ 7. Reference

Einstein1, Albert. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. Annalen der Physik. 17:891-921. 1905. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies_(1920_edition).

Einstein2, Albert. On a Heuristic Point of View about the Creation and Conversion of Light. Annalen der Physik. 17:132. 1905. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_a_Heuristic_Point_of_View_about_the_Creation_and_Conversion_of_Light

Einstein3, Albert. Does the Inertia of a Body depend upon its Energy Content?. 1905.

Einstein4, Albert. The Principle of Relativity and its Consequences in Modern Physics. 1910.

Einstein5, Albert. Relativity: Special and General Theory. Brauschweig. 1917. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_General_Theory

Fresnel, Augustin. Memorie su la Diffraction de la Lumiere. French Academy of Science. 1819.

Hertz, Heinrich. Annalen der Physik. 1887.

Huygens, Christiann. Treatise on Light. Translated by Silvanus P. Thompson. French Academy of Science. 1690. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14725/14725-h/14725-h.htm

Lenard, P. Annalen der Physik. 1902.

Lorentz, Hendrik. Simplified Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Systems. Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1:427-442. 1899. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Simplified_Theory_of_Electrical_and_Optical_Phenomena_in_Moving_Systems

Maxwell, James. Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. Royal Society Transactions. Vol. CLV. 1864. http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/155/459

Michelson, Albert. The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether. American Journal of Science. 22:120-129, 1881. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Relative_Motion_of_the_Earth_and_the_Luminiferous_Ether

Michelson, Albert A. & Morley, Edward W. "On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether". American Journal of Science. 34: 333–345. 1887. (Goto https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment then goto the bottom of the page and click on Michelson-Morley)

Planck, Max. On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum. Annalen der Physik. 4:553. 1901. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Planck-1901/Planck-1901.html

Poynting, John. The Transfer of Energy in the Electromagnetic Field. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 175:343-361. 1884. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Transfer_of_Energy_in_the_Electromagnetic_Field

Lada Sartakova