User:Kintetsubuffalo/workshop/PQRST


 * Afghanistan Scouting in Afghanistan → Scouting and Guiding in Afghanistan
 * Albania Scouting in Albania → Scouting and Guiding in Albania
 * Algeria Scouting in Algeria → Scouting and Guiding in Algeria
 * Andorra Scouting in Andorra → Scouting and Guiding in Andorra
 * Angola Scouting in Angola → Scouting and Guiding in Angola
 * Antigua and Barbuda Scouting in Antigua and Barbuda → Scouting and Guiding in Antigua and Barbuda
 * Argentina Scouting in Argentina → Scouting and Guiding in Argentina
 * Armenia Scouting in Armenia → Scouting and Guiding in Armenia
 * Australia Scouting in Australia → Scouting and Guiding in Australia
 * Austria Scouting in Austria → Scouting and Guiding in Austria
 * Azerbaijan Scouting in Azerbaijan → Scouting and Guiding in Azerbaijan
 * Bahamas Scouting in the Bahamas → Scouting and Guiding in the Bahamas
 * Bahrain Scouting in Bahrain → Scouting and Guiding in Bahrain
 * Bangladesh Scouting in Bangladesh → Scouting and Guiding in Bangladesh
 * Barbados Scouting in Barbados → Scouting and Guiding in Barbados
 * Belarus Scouting in Belarus → Scouting and Guiding in Belarus
 * Belgium Scouting in Belgium → Scouting and Guiding in Belgium
 * Belize Scouting in Belize → Scouting and Guiding in Belize
 * Benin Scouting in Benin → Scouting and Guiding in Benin
 * Bhutan Scouting in Bhutan → Scouting and Guiding in Bhutan
 * Bolivia Scouting in Bolivia → Scouting and Guiding in Bolivia
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina Scouting in Bosnia and Herzegovina → Scouting and Guiding in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Botswana Scouting in Botswana → Scouting and Guiding in Botswana
 * Brazil Scouting in Brazil → Scouting and Guiding in Brazil
 * Brunei Darussalam Scouting in Brunei → Scouting and Guiding in Brunei
 * Bulgaria Scouting in Bulgaria → Scouting and Guiding in Bulgaria
 * Burkina Faso Scouting in Burkina Faso → Scouting and Guiding in Burkina Faso
 * Burma Scouting in Burma → Scouting and Guiding in Burma
 * Burundi Scouting in Burundi → Scouting and Guiding in Burundi
 * Cambodia Scouting in Cambodia → Scouting and Guiding in Cambodia
 * Cameroon Scouting in Cameroon → Scouting and Guiding in Cameroon
 * Canada Scouting in Canada → Scouting and Guiding in Canada
 * Cape Verde Scouting in Cape Verde → Scouting and Guiding in Cape Verde
 * Central African Republic Scouting in the Central African Republic → Scouting and Guiding in the Central African Republic
 * Chad Scouting in Chad → Scouting and Guiding in Chad
 * Chile Scouting in Chile → Scouting and Guiding in Chile
 * China Scouting in China → Scouting and Guiding in China
 * Colombia Scouting in Colombia → Scouting and Guiding in Colombia
 * Comoros Scouting in the Comoros → Scouting and Guiding in the Comoros
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo Scouting in the Democratic Republic of the Congo → Scouting and Guiding in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Republic of the Congo Scouting in the Republic of the Congo → Scouting and Guiding in the Republic of the Congo
 * Costa Rica Scouting in Costa Rica → Scouting and Guiding in Costa Rica
 * Côte d'Ivoire Scouting in Côte d'Ivoire → Scouting and Guiding in Côte d'Ivoire
 * Ivory Coast Scouting in the Ivory Coast → Scouting and Guiding in the Ivory Coast
 * Croatia Scouting in Croatia → Scouting and Guiding in Croatia
 * Cuba Scouting in Cuba → Scouting and Guiding in Cuba
 * Cyprus Scouting in Cyprus → Scouting and Guiding in Cyprus
 * Czech Republic Scouting in the Czech Republic → Scouting and Guiding in the Czech Republic
 * Denmark Scouting in Denmark → Scouting and Guiding in Denmark
 * Djibouti Scouting in Djibouti → Scouting and Guiding in Djibouti
 * Dominica Scouting in Dominica → Scouting and Guiding in Dominica
 * Dominican Republic Scouting in the Dominican Republic → Scouting and Guiding in the Dominican Republic
 * Ecuador Scouting in Ecuador → Scouting and Guiding in Ecuador
 * East Timor Scouting in East Timor → Scouting and Guiding in East Timor
 * Egypt Scouting in Egypt → Scouting and Guiding in Egypt
 * El Salvador Scouting in El Salvador → Scouting and Guiding in El Salvador
 * England Scouting in England → Scouting and Guiding in England
 * Equatorial Guinea Scouting in Equatorial Guinea → Scouting and Guiding in Equatorial Guinea
 * Eritrea Scouting in Eritrea → Scouting and Guiding in Eritrea
 * Estonia Scouting in Estonia → Scouting and Guiding in Estonia
 * Ethiopia Scouting in Ethiopia → Scouting and Guiding in Ethiopia
 * Fiji Scouting in Fiji → Scouting and Guiding in Fiji
 * Finland Scouting in Finland → Scouting and Guiding in Finland
 * France Scouting in France → Scouting and Guiding in France
 * Gabon Scouting in Gabon → Scouting and Guiding in Gabon
 * Gambia Scouting in the Gambia → Scouting and Guiding in the Gambia
 * Georgia Scouting in Georgia → Scouting and Guiding in Georgia
 * Germany Scouting in Germany → Scouting and Guiding in Germany
 * Ghana Scouting in Ghana → Scouting and Guiding in Ghana
 * Greece Scouting in Greece → Scouting and Guiding in Greece
 * Grenada Scouting in Grenada → Scouting and Guiding in Grenada
 * Guatemala Scouting in Guatemala → Scouting and Guiding in Guatemala
 * Guinea Scouting in Guinea → Scouting and Guiding in Guinea
 * Guinea-Bissau Scouting in Guinea-Bissau → Scouting and Guiding in Guinea-Bissau
 * Guyana Scouting in Guyana → Scouting and Guiding in Guyana
 * Haiti Scouting in Haiti → Scouting and Guiding in Haiti
 * Honduras Scouting in Honduras → Scouting and Guiding in Honduras
 * Hungary Scouting in Hungary → Scouting and Guiding in Hungary
 * Iceland Scouting in Iceland → Scouting and Guiding in Iceland
 * India Scouting in India → Scouting and Guiding in India
 * Indonesia Scouting in Indonesia → Scouting and Guiding in Indonesia
 * Iran Scouting in Iran → Scouting and Guiding in Iran
 * Iraq Scouting in Iraq → Scouting and Guiding in Iraq
 * Ireland Scouting in Ireland → Scouting and Guiding in Ireland
 * Israel Scouting in Israel → Scouting and Guiding in Israel
 * Italy Scouting in Italy → Scouting and Guiding in Italy
 * Jamaica Scouting in Jamaica → Scouting and Guiding in Jamaica
 * Japan Scouting in Japan → Scouting and Guiding in Japan
 * Jordan Scouting in Jordan → Scouting and Guiding in Jordan
 * Kazakhstan Scouting in Kazakhstan → Scouting and Guiding in Kazakhstan
 * Kenya Scouting in Kenya → Scouting and Guiding in Kenya
 * Kiribati Scouting in Kiribati → Scouting and Guiding in Kiribati
 * North Korea Scouting in North Korea → Scouting and Guiding in North Korea
 * South Korea Scouting in South Korea → Scouting and Guiding in South Korea
 * Kuwait Scouting in Kuwait → Scouting and Guiding in Kuwait
 * Kyrgyzstan Scouting in Kyrgyzstan → Scouting and Guiding in Kyrgyzstan
 * Laos Scouting in Laos → Scouting and Guiding in Laos
 * Latvia Scouting in Latvia → Scouting and Guiding in Latvia
 * Lebanon Scouting in Lebanon → Scouting and Guiding in Lebanon
 * Lesotho Scouting in Lesotho → Scouting and Guiding in Lesotho
 * Liberia Scouting in Liberia → Scouting and Guiding in Liberia
 * Libya Scouting in Libya → Scouting and Guiding in Libya
 * Liechtenstein Scouting in Liechtenstein → Scouting and Guiding in Liechtenstein
 * Lithuania Scouting in Lithuania → Scouting and Guiding in Lithuania
 * Luxembourg Scouting in Luxembourg → Scouting and Guiding in Luxembourg
 * Macedonia Scouting in Macedonia → Scouting and Guiding in Macedonia
 * Madagascar Scouting in Madagascar → Scouting and Guiding in Madagascar
 * Malawi Scouting in Malawi → Scouting and Guiding in Malawi
 * Malaysia Scouting in Malaysia → Scouting and Guiding in Malaysia
 * Maldives Scouting in the Maldives → Scouting and Guiding in the Maldives
 * Mali Scouting in Mali → Scouting and Guiding in Mali
 * Malta Scouting in Malta → Scouting and Guiding in Malta
 * Marshall Islands Scouting in the Marshall Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Marshall Islands
 * Mauritania Scouting in Mauritania → Scouting and Guiding in Mauritania
 * Mauritius Scouting in Mauritius → Scouting and Guiding in Mauritius
 * Mexico Scouting in Mexico → Scouting and Guiding in Mexico
 * Micronesia Scouting in the Federated States of Micronesia → Scouting and Guiding in the Federated States of Micronesia
 * Moldova Scouting in Moldova → Scouting and Guiding in Moldova
 * Monaco Scouting in Monaco → Scouting and Guiding in Monaco
 * Mongolia Scouting in Mongolia → Scouting and Guiding in Mongolia
 * Montenegro Scouting in Montenegro → Scouting and Guiding in Montenegro
 * Morocco Scouting in Morocco → Scouting and Guiding in Morocco
 * Mozambique Scouting in Mozambique → Scouting and Guiding in Mozambique
 * Namibia Scouting in Namibia → Scouting and Guiding in Namibia
 * Nauru Scouting in Nauru → Scouting and Guiding in Nauru
 * Nepal Scouting in Nepal → Scouting and Guiding in Nepal
 * Netherlands Scouting in the Netherlands → Scouting and Guiding in the Netherlands
 * New Zealand Scouting in New Zealand → Scouting and Guiding in New Zealand
 * Nicaragua Scouting in Nicaragua → Scouting and Guiding in Nicaragua
 * Niger Scouting in Niger → Scouting and Guiding in Niger
 * Nigeria Scouting in Nigeria → Scouting and Guiding in Nigeria
 * Norway Scouting in Norway → Scouting and Guiding in Norway
 * Northern Ireland Scouting in Northern Ireland → Scouting and Guiding in Northern Ireland
 * Oman Scouting in Oman → Scouting and Guiding in Oman
 * Pakistan Scouting in Pakistan → Scouting and Guiding in Pakistan
 * Palau Scouting in Palau → Scouting and Guiding in Palau
 * Palestinian territories Scouting in the Palestinian territories → Scouting and Guiding in the Palestinian territories
 * Panama Scouting in Panama → Scouting and Guiding in Panama
 * Papua New Guinea Scouting in Papua New Guinea → Scouting and Guiding in Papua New Guinea
 * Paraguay Scouting in Paraguay → Scouting and Guiding in Paraguay
 * Peru Scouting in Peru → Scouting and Guiding in Peru
 * Philippines Scouting in the Philippines → Scouting and Guiding in the Philippines
 * Poland Scouting in Poland → Scouting and Guiding in Poland
 * Portugal Scouting in Portugal → Scouting and Guiding in Portugal
 * Qatar Scouting in Qatar → Scouting and Guiding in Qatar
 * Romania Scouting in Romania → Scouting and Guiding in Romania
 * Russia Scouting in Russia → Scouting and Guiding in Russia
 * Rwanda Scouting in Rwanda → Scouting and Guiding in Rwanda
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis Scouting in Saint Kitts and Nevis → Scouting and Guiding in Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Saint Lucia Scouting in Saint Lucia → Scouting and Guiding in Saint Lucia
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Scouting in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines → Scouting and Guiding in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Samoa Scouting in Samoa → Scouting and Guiding in Samoa
 * San Marino Scouting in San Marino → Scouting and Guiding in San Marino
 * São Tomé and Príncipe Scouting in São Tomé and Príncipe → Scouting and Guiding in São Tomé and Príncipe
 * Saudi Arabia Scouting in Saudi Arabia → Scouting and Guiding in Saudi Arabia
 * Scotland Scouting in Scotland → Scouting and Guiding in Scotland
 * Senegal Scouting in Senegal → Scouting and Guiding in Senegal
 * Serbia Scouting in Serbia → Scouting and Guiding in Serbia
 * Seychelles Scouting in Seychelles → Scouting and Guiding in Seychelles
 * Sierra Leone Scouting in Sierra Leone → Scouting and Guiding in Sierra Leone
 * Singapore Scouting in Singapore → Scouting and Guiding in Singapore
 * Slovakia Scouting in Slovakia → Scouting and Guiding in Slovakia
 * Slovenia Scouting in Slovenia → Scouting and Guiding in Slovenia
 * Solomon Islands Scouting in the Solomon Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Solomon Islands
 * Somalia Scouting in Somalia → Scouting and Guiding in Somalia
 * South Africa Scouting in South Africa → Scouting and Guiding in South Africa
 * Spain Scouting in Spain → Scouting and Guiding in Spain
 * Sri Lanka Scouting in Sri Lanka → Scouting and Guiding in Sri Lanka
 * Sudan Scouting in Sudan → Scouting and Guiding in Sudan
 * Suriname Scouting in Suriname → Scouting and Guiding in Suriname
 * Swaziland Scouting in Swaziland → Scouting and Guiding in Swaziland
 * Sweden Scouting in Sweden → Scouting and Guiding in Sweden
 * Switzerland Scouting in Switzerland → Scouting and Guiding in Switzerland
 * Syria Scouting in Syria → Scouting and Guiding in Syria
 * Taiwan Scouting in Taiwan → Scouting and Guiding in Taiwan
 * Tajikistan Scouting in Tajikistan → Scouting and Guiding in Tajikistan
 * Tanzania Scouting in Tanzania → Scouting and Guiding in Tanzania
 * Thailand Scouting in Thailand → Scouting and Guiding in Thailand
 * Togo Scouting in Togo → Scouting and Guiding in Togo
 * Tonga Scouting in Tonga → Scouting and Guiding in Tonga
 * Trinidad and Tobago Scouting in Trinidad and Tobago → Scouting and Guiding in Trinidad and Tobago
 * Tunisia Scouting in Tunisia → Scouting and Guiding in Tunisia
 * Turkey Scouting in Turkey → Scouting and Guiding in Turkey
 * Turkmenistan Scouting in Turkmenistan → Scouting and Guiding in Turkmenistan
 * Tuvalu Scouting in Tuvalu → Scouting and Guiding in Tuvalu
 * Uganda Scouting in Uganda → Scouting and Guiding in Uganda
 * Ukraine Scouting in Ukraine → Scouting and Guiding in Ukraine
 * United Arab Emirates Scouting in the United Arab Emirates → Scouting and Guiding in the United Arab Emirates
 * United Kingdom Scouting in the United Kingdom → Scouting and Guiding in the United Kingdom
 * United States Scouting in the United States → Scouting and Guiding in the United States
 * Uruguay Scouting in Uruguay → Scouting and Guiding in Uruguay
 * Uzbekistan Scouting in Uzbekistan → Scouting and Guiding in Uzbekistan
 * Vanuatu Scouting in Vanuatu → Scouting and Guiding in Vanuatu
 * Vatican City Scouting in the Vatican City → Scouting and Guiding in the Vatican City
 * Venezuela Scouting in Venezuela → Scouting and Guiding in Venezuela
 * Vietnam Scouting in Vietnam → Scouting and Guiding in Vietnam
 * Western Sahara Scouting in Western Sahara → Scouting and Guiding in Western Sahara
 * Wales Scouting in Wales → Scouting and Guiding in Wales
 * Yemen Scouting in Yemen → Scouting and Guiding in Yemen
 * Zambia Scouting in Zambia → Scouting and Guiding in Zambia
 * Zimbabwe Scouting in Zimbabwe → Scouting and Guiding in Zimbabwe
 * Ashmore and Cartier Islands‡ Scouting in the Ashmore and Cartier Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 * Christmas Island Scouting in Christmas Island → Scouting and Guiding in Christmas Island
 * Cocos (Keeling) Islands Scouting in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 * Coral Sea Islands‡ Scouting in the Coral Sea Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Coral Sea Islands
 * Heard Island and McDonald Islands‡ Scouting in Heard Island and the McDonald Islands → Scouting and Guiding in Heard Island and the McDonald Islands
 * Norfolk Island Scouting in Norfolk Island → Scouting and Guiding in Norfolk Island
 * Faroe Islands Scouting in the Faroe Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Faroe Islands
 * Greenland Scouting in Greenland → Scouting and Guiding in Greenland
 * Aruba Scouting in Aruba → Scouting and Guiding in Aruba
 * Netherlands Antilles Scouting in the Netherlands Antilles → Scouting and Guiding in the Netherlands Antilles
 * Clipperton Island‡ Scouting in Clipperton Island → Scouting and Guiding in Clipperton Island
 * French Guiana Scouting in French Guiana → Scouting and Guiding in French Guiana
 * French Polynesia Scouting in French Polynesia → Scouting and Guiding in French Polynesia
 * French Southern and Antarctic Lands‡ Scouting in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands → Scouting and Guiding in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
 * Guadeloupe Scouting in Guadeloupe → Scouting and Guiding in Guadeloupe
 * Martinique Scouting in Martinique → Scouting and Guiding in Martinique
 * Mayotte Scouting in Mayotte → Scouting and Guiding in Mayotte
 * New Caledonia Scouting in New Caledonia → Scouting and Guiding in New Caledonia
 * Réunion Scouting in Réunion → Scouting and Guiding in Réunion
 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon Scouting in Saint Pierre and Miquelon → Scouting and Guiding in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
 * Tromelin Island‡ Scouting in Tromelin Island → Scouting and Guiding in Tromelin Island
 * Wallis and Futuna Scouting in Wallis and Futuna → Scouting and Guiding in Wallis and Futuna
 * Cook Islands Scouting in the Cook Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Cook Islands
 * Niue Scouting in Niue → Scouting and Guiding in Niue
 * Tokelau Scouting in Tokelau → Scouting and Guiding in Tokelau
 * Bouvet Island‡ Scouting in Bouvet Island → Scouting and Guiding in Bouvet Island
 * Jan Mayen‡ Scouting in Jan Mayen → Scouting and Guiding in Jan Mayen
 * Svalbard Scouting in Svalbard → Scouting and Guiding in Svalbard
 * Anguilla Scouting in Anguilla → Scouting and Guiding in Anguilla
 * Bermuda Scouting in Bermuda → Scouting and Guiding in Bermuda
 * British Indian Ocean Territory Scouting in the British Indian Ocean Territory → Scouting and Guiding in the British Indian Ocean Territory
 * British Virgin Islands Scouting in the British Virgin Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the British Virgin Islands
 * Cayman Islands Scouting in the Cayman Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Cayman Islands
 * Falkland Islands Scouting in the Falkland Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Falkland Islands
 * Gibraltar Scouting in Gibraltar → Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar
 * Guernsey Scouting in Guernsey → Scouting and Guiding in Guernsey
 * Jersey Scouting in Jersey → Scouting and Guiding in Jersey
 * Isle of Man Scouting in the Isle of Man → Scouting and Guiding in the Isle of Man
 * Montserrat Scouting in Montserrat → Scouting and Guiding in Montserrat
 * Pitcairn Islands Scouting in the Pitcairn Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Pitcairn Islands
 * Saint Helena Scouting in Saint Helena → Scouting and Guiding in Saint Helena
 * South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands‡ Scouting in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands → Scouting and Guiding in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
 * Turks and Caicos Islands Scouting in the Turks and Caicos Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Turks and Caicos Islands
 * American Samoa Scouting in American Samoa → Scouting and Guiding in American Samoa
 * Guam Scouting in Guam → Scouting and Guiding in Guam
 * Midway Atoll Scouting in Midway Atoll → Scouting and Guiding in Midway Atoll
 * Northern Mariana Islands Scouting in the Northern Mariana Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Northern Mariana Islands
 * Puerto Rico Scouting in Puerto Rico → Scouting and Guiding in Puerto Rico
 * United States Minor Outlying Islands‡ Scouting in the United States Minor Outlying Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the United States Minor Outlying Islands
 * Virgin Islands Scouting in the United States Virgin Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the United States Virgin Islands
 * Wake Island Scouting in Wake Island → Scouting and Guiding in Wake Island
 * Antarctica Scouting in Antarctica → Scouting and Guiding in Antarctica
 * Gaza Strip Scouting in the Gaza Strip → Scouting and Guiding in the Gaza Strip
 * Kosovo Scouting in Kosovo → Scouting and Guiding in Kosovo
 * Paracel Islands‡ Scouting in the Paracel Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Paracel Islands
 * Spratly Islands‡ Scouting in the Spratly Islands → Scouting and Guiding in the Spratly Islands
 * West Bank Scouting in the West Bank → Scouting and Guiding in the West Bank
 * Western Sahara Scouting in Western Sahara → Scouting and Guiding in Western Sahara

Article(s): Les Scouts de Djibouti Request: -- Chris 07:02, 8 November 2007 (UTC) Graphist opinion:

Rover Scouts
http://badenpowellscoutsireland.com/roverscoutintro.htm

http://www.warovers.com.au/badges/bpsa/method-a/ramblers-badge/ Rambler's Badge Rover Scouts officially began in September 1918 after Scouts returning from the war dropped the name Senior Scout and changed it to Rover Scout.

Rover Scouting is the final stage in the system of training in the principles and practice of citizenship in which Beavering, Wolf Cubbing, Scouting and Senior Scouting each in turn plays its part; all five sections share the common aim-the development of good citizenship on the basis of the Scout Promise and the Scout Law.

While the training methods of the sections vary to suit the needs of youngsters within them, each forms a part of the logical whole, progressively leading to the next.

Children are encouraged to join Beavers at the age of 5 and work their way through Cubs, Scouts and Seniors and become a Rover Scout at the age of 18. Then, in the Rover Crew, they will be helped to train themselves, in body, mind and spirit, for their place as a responsible member of the community.

-The Rover motto is: "Service"

And as such the main aim of the Rover Section is to serve the Scout Group and local community.

Before being invested as Rover Scout you have to spend time as a Rover Squire. After being invested the training scheme comprises of the following:

Scoutcraft Star Service Training Star Rambler's Badge Project Badge Rover Instructor Badge The B-P Award

Rovers can also continue working towards their President Award, until they are 25.

Scout history by state
rename as per Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scouting/RulesStandards, for merger and improvement of articles

merge as per Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scouting/RulesStandards. Our intent is not to delete anyone's work or to minimize the importance of any article that already exists on the Wikipedia. Instead our goal is to tighten the information, to make it more relevant and useful for the general Wikipedian. This article will be absorbed in its entirety to the larger state Scouting article. The newer article will encompass OA lodges, Councils, early nonBSA Scouting organizations like Campfire or Woodcraft, Girl Scouting where applicable, and other ideas as they come up. Chris 21:59, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Our intent is not to delete anyone's work or to minimize the importance of any article that already exists on the Wikipedia. Instead our goal is to tighten the information, to make it more relevant and useful for the general Wikipedian. This article will be absorbed in its entirety to the larger state Scouting article. The newer article will encompass OA lodges, Councils, early nonBSA Scouting organizations, Girl Scouting where applicable, and other ideas as they come up.


 * Searchengine for councils and districts

♀Takaeda Megumi 竹田 恵 August 3, 1977-February 12, 2006♀


My Wife was the most brilliant, beautiful and funny lady ever, a gun nut, a model train buff, a makeup artist and blew through thousands of rounds of ammunition a month. She had a PhD from Tōdai in Tokyo, and an ScD from Technische Universität Berlin, spoke or read 22 languages, and I wanted our future children to benefit from her brains and ease of knowledge. She was also an ailurophile (cat lover) and converted me to the church of Catism. ;) Think of us like Barney and Betty Rubble from the Flintstones, a tall, gorgeous brunette and a guy in a loincloth. She is still with me and we will be together again. She would want me to continue on the Wikipedia even though most days it frustrates the piss out of me.



sm Art
Smoking has been accepted into culture, in various art forms, and has developed many distinct, and often conflicting or mutually exclusive, meanings depending on time, place and the practitioners of smoking. Pipe smoking, until recently one of the most common forms of smoking, is today often associated with solemn contemplation, old age and is often considered quaint and archaic. Cigarette smoking, which did not begin to become widespread until the late 19th century, has more associations of modernity and the faster pace of the industrialized world. Cigars have been, and still are, associated with masculinity, power and are an iconic image associated with the stereotypical capitalist. Smoking in public has for a long time been something reserved for men, and when done by women, has been associated with promiscuity. In Japan during the Edo period, prostitutes and their clients would often approach one another under the guise of offering a smoke and the same was true for 19th century Europe.[31]

Art

An Apothecary Smoking in an Interior by Adriaen van Ostade, oil on panel, 1646.

Among the earliest depictions of smoking can be found on Classical Mayan pottery from around the 9th century. The art was primarily religious in nature and depicted deities or rulers smoking early forms of cigarettes.[32] Soon after smoking was introduced outside of the Americas, it began appearing in painting in Europe and Asia. The painters of the Dutch Golden Age were among the first to paint portraits of people smoking and still-lifes of pipes and tobacco. For southern European painters of the 17th century, a pipe was much too modern to include in the preferred motifs inspired by mythology from Greek and Roman antiquity. At first smoking was considered lowly and was associated with peasants. Many early paintings were of scenes set in taverns or brothels. Later, as the Dutch Republic rose to considerable power and wealth, smoking became more common amongst the affluent and portraits of elegant gentlemen tastefully raising a pipe appeared. Smoking represented pleasure, transience and the briefness of earthly life as it, quite literally, went up in smoke. Smoking was also associated with representations of both the sense of smell and that of taste.

In the 18th century smoking became far sparser in painting as the elegant practice of taking snuff became popular. Smoking a pipe was again relegated to portraits of lowly commoners and country folk and the refined sniffing of shredded tobacco followed by sneezing was rare in art. When smoking appeared it was often in the exotic portraits influenced by Orientalism, projecting an image of European superiority over its colonies and a perception of male dominance of a feminized Occident. The theme of the exotic and alien "Other" escalated in the 19th century, fueled by the rise in popularity of ethnology during the Enlightenment.[33]

Skull with a Burning Cigarette by Vincent van Gogh, oil on canvas, 1885.

In the 19th century smoking was common as a symbol of simple pleasures; the pipe smoking "noble savage", solemn contemplation by Classical Roman ruins, scenes of an artists becoming one with nature while slowly puffing a pipe. The newly-empowered middle class also found a new dimension of smoking as a harmless pleasure enjoyed in smoking saloons and libraries. Smoking a cigarette or a cigar would also become associated with the bohemian, someone who shunned the conservative middle class values and displayed his contempt for conservatism. But this was a pleasure that was to be confined to a male world; women smokers were associated with prostitution and was not something that proper ladies should be involved in.[citation needed] It was not until the turn of the century that smoking women would appear in paintings and photos, giving a chic and charming impression. Impressionists like Vincent van Gogh, who was a pipe smoker himself, would also begin to associate smoking with gloom and fin-du-siècle fatalism.

While the symbolism of the cigarette, pipe and cigar respectively were consolidated in the late 19th century, it was not until the 20th century that artists began to use it fully[citation needed]; a pipe would stand for thoughtfulness and calm[citation needed]; the cigarette symbolized modernity, strength and youth, but also nervous anxiety; the cigar was a sign of authority, wealth and power. The decades following World War II, during the apex of smoking when the practice had still not come under fire by the growing anti-smoking movement, a cigarette casually tucked between the lips represented the young rebel, epitomized in actors like Marlon Brando and James Dean or mainstays of advertising like the Marlboro Man. It was not until the 1970s when the negative aspects of smoking began to appear[citation needed]; the unhealthy lower-class loser, reeking of cigarette smoke and lack of motivation and drive, especially in art inspired or commissioned by anti-smoking campaigns.[34]

Film

Film star and iconic smoker Humphrey Bogart.

Ever since the era of silent films, smoking has had a major part in film symbolism. In the hard boiled film noir crime thrillers, cigarette smoke often frames characters and is frequently used to add an aura of mystique or even nihilism. One of the forerunners of this symbolism can be seen in Fritz Lang's Weimar era Dr Mabuse, der Spieler (Dr Mabuse, the Gambler), where men mesmerized by card playing smoke cigarettes while gambling. Women smokers in film were also early on associated with a type of sensuous and seductive sexuality, most notably personified by German film star Marlene Dietrich. Similarly, male actors like Humphrey Bogart have been closely identified with their smoker persona and some of their most famous portraits and roles have involved a thick mist of cigarette smoke.

Since World War II, smoking has gradually become less frequent on screen as the obvious health hazards of smoking have become more widely known. With the anti-smoking movement gaining greater respect and influence, conscious attempts not to show smoking on screen are now undertaken in order to avoid encouraging smoking or giving it positive associations, particularly for family films. Smoking on screen is more common today among characters who are portrayed as anti-social or even criminal.[35]

Literature

The cover of My Lady Nicotine: A Study in Smoke (1896) by J.M. Barrie, otherwise best known for his play Peter Pan.

Just as in other types of fiction, smoking has had an important place in literature and smokers are often portrayed as characters with great individuality, or outright eccentrics, something typically personified in one of the most iconic smoking literary figures of all, Sherlock Holmes. Other than being a frequent part of short stories and novels, smoking has spawned endless eulogies, praising its qualities and affirming the author's identity as a devoted smoker. Especially during the late 19th century and early 20th century, a panoply of books with titles like Tobacco: Its History and associations (1876), Cigarettes in Fact and Fancy (1906) and Pipe and Pouch: The Smokers Own Book of Poetry (1905) were written in the UK and the US. The titles were written by men for other men and contained general tidbits and poetic musings about the love for tobacco and all things related to it, and frequently praised the refined bachelor's life. The Fragrant Weed: Some of the Good Things Which Have been Said or Sung about Tobacco, published in 1907, contained, among many others, the following lines from the poem A Bachelor's Views by Tom Hall that were typical of the attitude in many of the books:

“ So let us drink

To her, – but think

Of him who has to keep her;

And sans a wife

Let's spend our life

In bachelordom, – it's cheaper.[36] ”

These works were all published in an era before the cigarette had become the dominant form of tobacco consumption and pipes, cigars and chewing tobacco were still commonplace. Many of the books were published in novel packaging that would attract the learned smoking gentleman. Pipe and Pouch came in a leather bag resembling a tobacco pouch and Cigarettes in Fact and Fancy (1901) came bound in leather, packaged in an imitation cardboard cigar box. By the late 1920s, the publication of this type of literature largely abated and was only sporadically revived in the later 20th century.[37]

Since the introduction of tobacco to the world at large in the 1500s, a smoking culture has built around it, and is evident in many parts of the world to this day.

Some people have an attraction to the glamorous aspect of tobacco smoking, and there are those who believe that done in moderation, smoking can enhance their allure. Historically considered a masculine habit, the feminization of smoking occurred with the advent of fashion brands or premium brands of cigarettes specifically marketed to appeal to women, who might see the use of these brands as a way to increase their sexual appeal. Most often this effort is focused on young fashion-conscious professional ladies who are the target demographic for these brands, which are differentiated by slimness, added length, and occasionally color, over traditional brands of cigarettes. As smoking was once a fairly integral part of society, this attraction cannot in all senses be considered a fetish or paraphilia.

Accessories for smoking include personal cigarette cases, often-artistic ashtrays, ornate lighters and cigarette holders, long slender tubes in which cigarettes are held while smoked. Most frequently made of silver, jade or bakelite (popular in the past but now wholly replaced by modern plastics), cigarette holders were considered an essential part of ladies' fashion from the 1900s through the mid-1960s, and are still popular in many strands of Japanese fashion.

During the colonial and early American period, men and women alike smoked fragile greenware clay pipes, few of which survive today.

Originating in the Middle East, smoking with a hookah or water-pipe to cool the smoke, by filtering it through a vase of water, has gained in popularity in Western Europe and the United States in recent years. Often ice and milk or lemon juice is added to the water. Traditionally, the tobacco is mixed with a sweetener, such as honey or molasses, although fruit flavors have also become popular.

In the media and popular culture, smoking has been an aspect of storyline and character development for at least the last two centuries, appearing in books, films and more recently on television, though there has been a movement to minimize this since the mid-1960s. In the United States and Western Europe, smoking appeared in television commercials through the early 1970s, and is still seen in Japan today, even for non-related products.

From the 1920s through the mid-1960s, portraits and photographs of elegantly dressed ladies and gentlemen posing with a cigarette or cigar were popular, and many period photos actors and actresses are shown in such poses.

As part of a table setting during the 1950s and 1960s, small personal ashtrays were commonly placed on the top right-hand side, behind the wine and water glasses.

With smoking bans becoming increasingly common in the United States, cigarette manufacturers have turned to south and east Asia, in which places there is a distinct market for female oriented brands, and to the nouveau riche in Russia. Brands intended to appeal to women include decorative ones like Eve, Virginia Slims, or evening-out styles like Sobranie Cocktail or Sobranie Black Russian.

Since the introduction of tobacco to the world at large in the 1500s, a smoking culture has built around it, and is evident in many parts of the world to this day.

Some people have an attraction to the glamorous aspect of tobacco smoking, and there are those who believe that done in moderation, smoking can enhance their allure. Historically considered a masculine habit, the feminization of smoking occurred with the advent of fashion brands or premium brands of cigarettes specifically marketed to appeal to women, who might see the use of these brands as a way to increase their sexual appeal. Most often this effort is focused on young fashion-conscious professional ladies who are the target demographic for these brands, which are differentiated by slimness, added length, and occasionally color, over traditional brands of cigarettes.

Accessories for smoking include personal cigarette cases, often-artistic ashtrays, ornate lighters and cigarette holders, long slender tubes in which cigarettes are held while smoked. Most frequently made of silver, jade or bakelite (popular in the past but now wholly replaced by modern plastics), cigarette holders were considered an essential part of ladies' fashion from the 1900s through the mid-1960s, and are still popular in many strands of Japanese fashion.

During the colonial and early American period, men and women alike smoked fragile greenware clay pipes, few of which survive today.

Originating in the Middle East, smoking with a hookah or water-pipe to cool the smoke, by filtering it through a vase of water, has gained in popularity in Western Europe, Canada, and the United States in recent years. Often ice and milk or lemon juice is added to the water. Traditionally, the tobacco is mixed with a sweetener, such as honey or molasses, although fruit flavors have also become popular.

In the media and popular culture, smoking has been an aspect of storyline and character development for at least the last two centuries, appearing in books, films and more recently on television, though there has been a movement to minimize this since the mid-1960s. In the United States and Western Europe, smoking appeared in television commercials through the early 1970s, and is still seen in Asia today, even for non-related products.

From the 1920s through the mid-1960s, portraits and photographs of elegantly dressed ladies and gentlemen posing with a cigarette or cigar were popular, and many period photos actors and actresses are shown in such poses.

As part of a table setting during the 1950s and 1960s, small personal ashtrays were commonly placed on the top right-hand side, behind the wine and water glasses.

With smoking bans becoming increasingly common in the United States, cigarette manufacturers have turned to south and east Asia, in which places there is a distinct market for female oriented brands, and to the nouveau riche in Russia. Brands intended to appeal to women include decorative ones like Eve, Virginia Slims, or evening-out styles like Sobranie Cocktail or Sobranie Black Russian.

Related culture
Although not properly for smoking, a tobacco-related accessory that was very popular from the discovery of tobacco by Europeans until the late 1800s was the snuff box (or box for any type of loose tobacco), which, if the owner was wealthy, could be made of precious materials such as gold or silver, and receive all manner of decoration. Many surviving examples are works of art of high value.