User:Kinxin/sandbox

The phenomenon known as double definiteness occurs in languages that allow for a single NP to have both a demonstrative and a definite article. Double definiteness does not occur in English as nouns that have both a demonstrative and an article as their functional head(s) are ungrammatical. For example: Only either the demonstrative is allowed, or the definite article, but not both. The following examples of a noun with a definite article and noun with a demonstrative are data from Romanian. Notice that the definite article in Romanian is actually a suffix that attaches to the noun. Romanian, unlike English, is a language that does allow for both functional items to be present for a single NP as seen in the following: TREE FOR OMUL ANCESTA The above example is evidence that demonstratives cannot be considered determiners like articles so they must have their own phrasal projections, Dem(onstrative)P. The DemP is complement to D and dominates the NP.
 * *the this man, *this the man
 * omul (man-the)
 * ancest om (this man)
 * omul ancesta (man-the this)

A similar issue to the double definiteness phenomenon arises with quantifiers. In many languages, including English, quantifiers can co-occur with definite articles. Words like every and all are called bare universal quantifiers (∀Q). The ∀Q selects the DP. TREE OF ALL THE STUDENTS
 * All the students have read the book.

Quantifiers can also be modified with a numeral: When a quantifier is modified by a numeral it is known as a universal numeric quantifier (∀NumQ). In Dutch, ∀NumQ occurs in the exact same environment as the bare quantifier and also selects DP. TREE FOR ALLE DRIE DE STUDENTEN
 * All three students
 * Alle drie de studenten (all three the students)

In English a numeric quantifier does not occur in the exact same environment as the bare quantifier as it cannot select a DP with an overt article. Instead, the quantifier can only select a DP that has a bare plural noun or the preposition of must go between the quantifier and the determiner as a partitive.
 * *All three the students
 * All three ∅ students
 * All three of the students