User:Kirkdale/Drafts

Art and the Brain (neuroarthistory) Approach - A reductionist and determinist approach to use neuroscience in the study of art in history, anthropology and archeology. The approach was developed in the School of World Art Studies University of East Angliaand the term was coined by a group of postgraduate art history students (calling themselves the Art and the Brain Group) who where the first students to apply neuroscience to art studies, a discipline which became known as Neuroarthistory.

History
In 2004 a group of six postgraduates of the School of World Art Studies, University of East Anglia (UEA) Norwich, all enrolled on the MA World Art, and naming themselves after the paper by Neuroscientist Semir Zeki “Art and the Brain” conducted a series of seminars and research projects on neuroscience and art history, supervised by the eminent Art Historian Professor John Onians, himself a pupil of Ernst Gombrich. The Art and the Brain Group intended to be multidisciplinary and expand upon the work of Gombrich, and their individual backgrounds represented this; they consisted of two archaeologists, an art historian, two bioscientists, and a philosopher – reminiscent of the University of East Anglia motto “do different”. The group produced innovative research in their particular areas of interest which ranged from bronze age archeology, to facial empathy , and from stone age archaeology to the influence of the ecological environment , all using a mixture of archaeology, anthropology, art history, and neuroscience. They met and discussed “art and the brain” with Semir Zeki in 2005 in which he reiterated his position that “all artists are neurologists, that musicians are also neurologists”, and [that] Wagner was the greatest of neurologists”. The group focused on such concepts as neuronal synaptic plasticity, mirror neurons and peak shift effect.

The Principles
Neural Plasticity (neuronal synaptic plasticity)is a principle first used in Art History by John Onians to explain Art as a world phenomena from its biological basis and to explain the changes in styles in history, and even the origins of art in prehistory. Neural plasticity is the basis of the brains ability to adapt to a changing environment via the alteration of synaptic connections, that is the connections between neurons which form our cognitive machinery. This adaptability of neural synapses represents the nervous systems capacity to change and is involved in the development of new skills and new memories, and therefore also preferences with regard to art and design history.

Mirror Neurons Is a principle first applied to Art History by John Onians. Mirror neurons are a class of neuron that are found in the broca’s region of the brain that fire when one manipulates an object or when one views someone else manipulating an object with their hands, but also for mouth actions and foot actions. The consequence of this is that we can build-up the relevant motor models in our brains to mentally and later physically re-enact the same action just by watching, or to gain an empathy with a person, action, object, or even a landscape. This concept was used to understand the interface between culture and the ecological environment and hence trends in art history as well as the origins of art in prehistory.

Peak shift effect describes a biological response to visual cues that can be exaggerated by exaggerating the stimulus. It was first proposed as relevant to Art History by V.S Ramachandran in 1999 For example this concept can be used to explain why someone who has lived in Manhattan all their lives may be more inclined to buy art with strong vertical lines and receding diagonals. That the stronger the vertical and diagonals the more interest they invest in the image. The distinguished art historian Ernst Gombrich was one of many to criticize Ramachandran's use of peak shift effect.

Publications
Ultimately the result of the art and the brain approach/taught postgraduate module was the publication of the book Neuroarthistory by John Onians.