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Development of Hindu astronomy
Research by Roger Billard has shown that observational Hindu astronomy flourished in India between the fifth and sixteenth centuries. Billard plotted the deviation between planetary positions computed using ancient Hindu astronomical techniques and those computed using modern techniques. He did this for 25 different Hindu astronomical texts spread over a span of a millennium. For each text he computed planetary positions for every year between 500 AD and 1900 AD. He found that in every cases (every text, every planet) the deviations converged almost to a single value, close to zero, within a very narrow timeframe, and this timeframe fell within the known lifetime of the author. From this, Billard concluded that each author amended an earlier text based on actual observation he carried out in his lifetime. In effect, this approach resulted in a chronology of Hindu astronomical texts over the millennium between 500 AD and 1900 AD.