User:Kiwi Rex/sandbox

= Size lists =

List of largest cetaceans (10+ tonnes)
* =estimate

= List of biological kingdoms = Eukaryotes are now understood a subgroup of Archaea instead of a truly distinct "domain." The bacterial and eukaryote kingdoms are respectively listed as proposed by Luketa (2012) and Tedersoo (2017).

Domain Bacteria

 * Kingdom Terrabacteria
 * Kingdom Hydrobacteria
 * Kingdom Aquificae
 * Kingdom Fusobacteria
 * Kingdom ThermotogaeThreedomain Eocyte Neomura tree.png



Domain Archaea

 * "DPANN" [included in Euryarchaeota?]
 * Kingdom Euryarchaeota
 * "Kingdom Proteoarchaeota" [paraphyletic ]
 * Kingdom Crenarchaeota s.l.
 * Jordarchaeia
 * Odinarchaeia + Baldrarchaeia
 * (Lokiarchaeles + Helarchaeales) + (Thorarchaeia + Hermodarchaeia)
 * Sifarchaeia
 * Wukongarchaeia
 * Njordarchaeales + (Gerdarchaeles + Heimdallarchaeales)
 * Hodarchaeales

"Subdomain Excavata"

 * Kingdom Parabasalia
 * Kingdom Fornicata
 * Kingdom Oxymonada (=Anaeromonada/Preaxostyla)
 * Discoba [=Eozoa sensu stricto]
 * Kingdom Euglenozoa
 * Kingdom Heterolobosa (=Percolozoa)
 * Kingdom Jakobida
 * Kingdom Tsukubamonada (=Tsukubamonas globosa)
 * Kingdom Malawimonada

Subdomain Archaeplastida

 * Kingdom Glaucocystoplantae (=Glaucophyta)
 * Kingdom Picozoa [incertae sedis in Tedersoo's taxonomy]
 * Kingdom Rhodoplantae
 * Kingdom Viridiplantae

Subdomain Harosa

 * Kingdom Stramenopila
 * Kingdom Alveolata
 * Kingdom Rhizaria

CRuMs [included in Obazoa in Tedersoo's taxonomy]

 * Kingdom Collodictyonida [incertae sedis in Tedersoo's taxonomy]
 * Kingdom Mantazoa (=Mantamonas plastica)
 * Kingdom Rigifilae

Subdomain Unikontamoebae

 * Kingdom Amoebozoa

Subdomain Obazoa

 * Kingdom Planozoa?
 * Kingdom Breviatae
 * Kingdom Apusozoa (=Apusomonadida)
 * Holomycota
 * Kingdom Nucleariae (=Cristidiscoidea)
 * Kingdom Fungi
 * Holozoa
 * Kingdom Ichthyosporia (=Mesomycetozoea)
 * Kingdom Corallochytria (=Pluriformea)
 * [Tunicaraptor unikontum]
 * Kingdom Filasteriae (=Ministeriida)
 * Kingdom Choanoflagellozoa
 * Kingdom Metazoa

Others/incertae sedis

 * Haptista s.l.
 * Kingdom Centroheliozoa
 * Kingdom "Haptista" (=Hap tophyta)
 * Cryptista s.l.
 * Kingdom Cryptista s.s.
 * Kingdom Microhellielida (=Endohelea)
 * Kingdom Telonemae
 * Hemimastigophora
 * Provora
 * Parakaryon myojinensis

= List of animal classes = The following is a list of the classes in each phylum of the kingdom Animalia. There are 74+ classes of animals in 32 phyla in this list. The internal classification of many small phyla usually lacks the class rank. The taxonomy of Annelida and Platyhelminthes is still evolving from older gradistic classifications to a system with monophyletic classes.

Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera and Acanthocephala may also be classified as a single phylum ; Chaetognatha might be included in clade Gnathifera :


 * Phylum Gnathifera
 * Class Gnathostomulida
 * Class Micrognathozoa
 * [?Class Chaetognatha]
 * Subphylum Syndermata
 * Subclass Seisonida
 * Subclass Eurotatoria
 * Class Acanthocephala

Annelida (segmented worms)
N/A

Traditional classes:
 * Clitellata (earthworms and leeches)
 * Echiura (spoon worms)
 * Sipuncula (peanut worms)
 * Phascolosomatidea
 * Sipunculidea
 * "Polychaeta"
 * Palaeoannelida
 * Chaetopteriformia
 * Lobatocerebrida
 * Amphinomida
 * Errantia (including Myzostomida)
 * Orbiniida
 * Pogonophora (incl. Vestimentifera)
 * Cirratuliformia
 * Spioniformia
 * Opheliida
 * Capitellida
 * Maldanomorpha + Terebellida
 * Questida
 * Parergodriliida
 * Aelosomata
 * Hrabeiellida

Subphylum Chelicerata

 * Euchelicerata
 * Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, vinegaroons, harvestmen, ticks and kin)
 * Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
 * Pycnogonida (sea spiders)

Subphylum Myriapoda

 * Chilopoda (centipedes)
 * Diplopoda (millipedes)
 * Pauropoda
 * Symphyla (pseudocentipedes)

Superclass Allotriocarida

 * Branchiopoda (fairy shrimp, tadpole shrimp, water fleas, and clam shrimp)
 * Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimp)
 * Hexapoda
 * Collembola (springtails)
 * Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
 * Insecta (insects)
 * Protura (coneheads)
 * Remipedia

Superclass Multicrustacea

 * Hexanauplia
 * Copepoda
 * Thecostraca
 * Tantulocarida [included in Thecostraca?]
 * Malacostraca (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, krill, various shrimp, woodlice, and kin)

Superclass Oligostraca

 * Ichthyostraca
 * Branchiura (fish lice)
 * Pentastomida (tongue worms)
 * Mystacocarida [included in Ichthyostraca?]
 * Ostracoda (seed shrimp)

Brachiopoda ("lamp shells")

 * Craniforma
 * Lingulata
 * Rhynchonellata

Bryozoa (moss animals)

 * Gymnolaemtata s.l.
 * Gymnolaemata s.s. [=Eurystomata]
 * Stenolaemata
 * Phylactolaemata

Chaetognatha (arrow worms)

 * Sagittoidea

Chordata (vertebrates, tunicates, and lancelets)
See below a list of chordate orders.

Subphylum (or Phylum) Cephalochordata

 * Leptocardii (lancelet)

Subphylum (or Phylum) Urochordata

 * Appendicularia (larvaceans)
 * Ascidiacea
 * Stolidobranchiata (pleurogones)
 * Thaliacea (salps, pyrosomes, and doliolids)
 * Aplousobranchiata
 * Phlebobranchiata

Subphylum (or Phylum) Vertebrata

 * Cyclostomi
 * Myxini (hagfish)
 * Petromyzontida (lampreys)


 * Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
 * Holocephali (chimaeras)
 * Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)
 * Osteichthyes
 * Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish, which include most familiar bony fish)
 * Cladistei (reedfish and bichirs)
 * Actinopteri
 * Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefish)
 * Holostei (gars and bowfins)
 * Teleostei
 * Sarcopterygii
 * Actinistia (coelacanths)
 * Dipnotetrapodomorpha
 * Dipnoi (lungfish)
 * Amphibia (amphibians)
 * Mammalia (mammals)
 * Sauropsida (sauropsids/sauroids)
 * Squamata (lizards, including snakes)
 * Rhychocephalia (tuatara)
 * Testudines (turtles)
 * Archosauria
 * Crocodylia (crocodiles, gharials, alligators and caimans)
 * Aves (birds)

Cnidaria (marine stinging animals)

 * Anthozoa (anemones and corals)
 * Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
 * Hydrozoa (hydroids)
 * Myxozoa (microscopic parasites)
 * Malacosporea
 * Myxosporea
 * Polypodiozoa (Polypodium hydriforme)
 * Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
 * Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish)

Ctenophora
N/A

Cycliophora (tiny marine animals)

 * Eucycliophora

Subphylum Asterozoa

 * Asteroidea (star fish)
 * Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

Subphylum Crinozoa

 * Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)

Subphylum Echinozoa

 * Echinoidea (sea urchins)
 * Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Entoprocta [=Kamptozoa]

 * Solitaria
 * Coloniales

Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
N/A

Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
N/A

Hemichordata

 * Enteropneusta (acorn worms)
 * Graptolithoidea/Pterobranchia

Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)

 * Allomalorhagida
 * Cyclorhagida

Loricifera
N/A

Micrognathozoa

 * Micrognathea

Mollusca (mollusks)

 * Aplacophora
 * Caudofoveata
 * Solenogastres


 * Bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops, and kin)
 * Cephalopoda (octopuses, squids and cuttlefish)
 * Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
 * Monoplacophora
 * Polyplacophora (chitons, or sea cradles)
 * Scaphopoda (tusk shells)

Nematoda (roundworms)

 * Chromadorea
 * Enoplea
 * Dorylaimida
 * (incertae sedis)
 * Benthimermithida
 * Rhaptothyreida

Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)

 * Gordioidea
 * Nectonematoida

Nemertea (ribbon worms)

 * Neonemertea
 * Pilidiophora
 * Enopla/Hoplonemertea
 * Paleonemertea

Onychophora (velvet worms)

 * Udeonychophora

Orthonectida
N/A

Phoronida
N/A

Placozoa

 * Polyplacotomia
 * Uniplacotomia

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

 * Catenulida
 * Rhabditophora
 * Macrostomorpha
 * Amplimatricata
 * Gnosonesimora
 * Euneoophora
 * Rhabdocoela
 * Proseriata
 * Acentrosomata
 * Adiaphanida
 * Bothrioplanata
 * Trematoda
 * Monogenea
 * Cestoda

Porifera (sponges)

 * Calcarea (calcareous sponges)
 * Demospongiae (coralline sponges)
 * Hexactinellida (glass sponges)
 * Homoscleromorpha

Priapulida (priapulid worms)
N/A

Rhombozoa [=Dicyemida s.l.]
N/A

Rotifera [=Syndermata]

 * Eurotifera
 * Hemirotatoria/Hemirotifera
 * Bdelloidea
 * Seisonidea/Pararotatoria
 * Acanthocephala (thorny headed worms)
 * Archiacanthocephala
 * Eoacanthocephala
 * Palaeacanthocephala (ancient thornheads)
 * Polyacanthocephala

Tardigrada (tardigrades, water bears, or moss piglets)

 * Eutardigrada
 * Heterotardigrada
 * Mesotardigrada?

Xenacoelomorpha

 * Acoela
 * Nemertodermatida
 * Xenoturbellida

= List of extant chordate orders = This second list contains a list of all of the living classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata.

The tunicate "Class Ascidiacea" as traditionally defined is paraphyletic. This may be solved by including the Thaliacea in Ascidiacea. The 'orders' Phlebobranchia and Aplousobranchia may form a monophyletic group together.

Some authors divide Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, and/or Sauropsida into two or more classes.

Cephalochordatea/Leptocardii: Lancelets

 * Order Amphioxiformes

Larvacea: larvaceans

 * Order Copelata

Ascidiacea (=Acopa)

 * Enterogona
 * Order Phlebobranchia
 * Order Aplousobranchia


 * Thaliacea: pelagnic tunicates
 * Order Doliolida
 * Order Pyrosomida
 * Order Salpida


 * Pleurogona
 * Order Stolidobranchia

Class Cyclostomata: Jawless vertebrates

 * Order Myxiniformes: hagfish


 * Order Petromyzontiformes: lampreys

Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fish

 * Subclass Elasmobranchii
 * Superorder Batoidea
 * Order Rajiformes: rays and skates
 * Order Pristiformes: sawfishes
 * Order Torpediniformes: electric rays
 * Order Myliobatiformes: (sting)rays
 * Superorder Selachimorpha (sharks)
 * Order Heterodontiformes: bullhead sharks
 * Order Orectolobiformes: carpet sharks
 * Order Carcharhiniformes: ground sharks
 * Order Lamniformes: mackerel sharks
 * Order Hexanchiformes: frilled and cow sharks
 * Order Squaliformes: dogfish sharks
 * Order Squatiniformes: angel sharks
 * Order Pristiophoriformes: saw sharks
 * Subclass Holocephali
 * Order Chimaeriformes: chimaeras

Class Actinopterygii: Ray-finned fish

 * Subclass Cladistei


 * Order Polypteriformes: bichirs


 * Subclass Chondrostei


 * Order Acipenseriformes: sturgeons and paddlefishes


 * Subclass Neopterygii


 * Infraclass Holostei
 * Order Amiiformes: bowfins
 * Order Lepisosteiformes: gars
 * Infraclass Teleostei
 * Cohort Elopomorpha
 * Order Elopiformes: ladyfishes and tarpon
 * Order Albuliformes: bonefishes
 * Order Notacanthiformes: halosaurs and spiny eels
 * Order Anguilliformes: true eels and gulpers
 * Osteoglossomorpha
 * Order Osteoglossiformes: bony-tongued fishes
 * Order Hiodontiformes: mooneye and goldeye
 * Clupeocephala
 * Cohort Otomorpha
 * Order Clupeiformes: herrings and anchovies
 * Order Alepocephaliformes: slickheads
 * Superorder Ostariophysi
 * Order Gonorynchiformes: milkfishes
 * Otophysi/Otophysa
 * Order Cypriniformes: barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, loaches, minnows, rasboras
 * Order Gymnotiformes: electric eels and knifefishes
 * Order Cithariniformes
 * Order Siluriformes: catfishes
 * Order Characiformes: characins, pencilfishes, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras.
 * Cohort Euteleostomorpha
 * Order Lepidogalaxiiformes: salamanderfish
 * Superorder Protacanthopterygii
 * Order Argentiniformes: barreleyes
 * Order Salmoniformes s.l.
 * Order Salmoniformes s.s.: salmon and trout
 * Order Esociformes: pike
 * Superorder Stomiati
 * Order Stomiatiormes: bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes
 * Order Osmeriformes: smelts
 * Order Galaxiiformes: galaxiids [previously included in Protacanthopterygii]
 * Neoteleostei
 * Order Ateleopodiformes: jellynose fish
 * Order Aulopiformes: Bombay duck and lancetfishes
 * Ctenosquamata
 * Order Myctophiformes: lanternfishes
 * Acanthomorpha
 * Order Lampriformes: oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes
 * Superorder Paracanthopterygii
 * Order Percopsiformes: cavefishes and trout-perches
 * Order Polymixiiformes: beardfishes [previously sister to Acanthopterygii]
 * Order Zeiformes: dories
 * Order Gadiformes s.l.
 * Order Stylephoriformes: tube-eye
 * Order Gadiformes s.s.: cods
 * Superorder Acanthopterygii
 * Order Trachichthyiformes: slimeheads, spinyfins, pinecone fishes, and lanterneye fishes
 * Order Beryciformes s.l.
 * Order Beryciformes s.s. (incl. Stephanoberyciformes and Cetomimiformes): fangtooths, pineconefishes, ridgeheads and whalefishes
 * Order Holocentriformes: soldierfish and squirrelfish
 * Percomorpha
 * Order Ophidiiformes: pearlfishes
 * Order Batrachoidiformes: toadfishes
 * Order Gobiiformes s.l.
 * Order Gobiiformes s.s.: sleepers and gobies
 * Order Kurtiformes: nurseryfishes and cardinalfishes
 * Order Scombriformes: tunas and mackerels
 * Order Syngnathiformes: seahorses, pipefishes, sea moths, cornetfishes and flying gurnards
 * Order Synbranchiformes s.l.
 * Order Synbranchiformes s.s.: swamp eels
 * Order Anabantiformes: gouramies and snakeheads
 * Order Carangiformes s.l.
 * Order Carangiformes s.s.: Jack mackerels and pompanos
 * Order Istiophoriformes: marlins, swordfishes and billfishes
 * Order Pleuronectiformes: flatfishes
 * Ovalentariae
 * Order Atheriniformes s.l.
 * Order Atheriniformes s.s.: silversides and rainbowfishes
 * Order Beloniformes: flyingfishes and ricefishes
 * Order Cyprinodontiformes: livebearers and killifishes
 * Order Blenniiformes s.l.
 * Order Cichliformes: cichlids, convict blenny, leaf fishes
 * Order Mugiliformes: mullets
 * Blennimorphae
 * Order Gobiesociformes: clingfishes
 * Order Blenniiformes s.s.
 * Percomorpharia/Eupercaria
 * Order Perciformes (incl. Gasterosteiformes and Scorpaeniformes): sticklebacks, sand eels, scorpionfishes, sculpins, etc
 * Order Centrarchiformes: sunfishes and mandarin fishes
 * Order Labriformes s.l.
 * Order Labriformes s.s.: wrasses and parrotfishes
 * Order Uranoscopiformes: stargazers and sandperchers
 * Order Acropomatiformes s.l.
 * Order Acropomatiformes s.s.
 * Order Pempheriformes: sweepers
 * Order Acanthuriformes s.l.
 * Order Gerreiiformes: mojarras
 * Order Ephippiformes: sicklefishes and spacefishes
 * Order Lobotiformes: tiger perches and Atlantic tripletail
 * Order Lutjaniformes: snappers and grunts
 * Order Chaetodontiformes: butterflyfishes and ponyfishes
 * Order Acanthuriformes s.s.: louvars, Moorish idols and surgeonfishes
 * Order Spariformes: sea breams and porgy
 * Order Priacanthiformes: bigeyes and bandfishes
 * Order Caproiformes: boarfishes
 * Order Lophiiformes: anglerfishes
 * Order Tetraodontiformes: filefishes and pufferfish

Class Actinistia: Coelacanths

 * Order Coelacanthiformes

Class Dipnoi: Lungfish

 * Order Ceratodontiformes

Class Amphibia: Amphibians

 * Order Caudata: salamanders
 * Order Anura: frogs
 * Order Apoda: caecilians

=== Class Sauropsida: Sauropsids/Sauroids ===
 * Lepidosauria
 * Order Rhynchocephalia: tuatara
 * Order Squamata: lizards [note: all suborders have also been classified as orders ]
 * Suborder Anguimorpha: monitors, crocodile lizards, beaded lizards, knob-scaled lizards, alligator lizards, and glass lizards
 * Suborder Dibamia : dibamids
 * Suborder Gekkota: geckos
 * Suborder Iguania: iguanas, chameleons, agamids, anoles, and phrynosomatids
 * Suborder Laterata: true lizards, whiptails, tegus, spectacled lizards, and amphisbaenians
 * Suborder Scinciformata: skinks, girdled lizards, plated lizards, and night lizards
 * Suborder Serpentes: snakes
 * Testudinata
 * Order Testudines: turtles
 * Archosauria
 * Order Crocodilia: crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials
 * Aves/Neornithes: birds
 * Order Struthioniformes sensu lato (including Rheiformes, Tinamiformes, Dinornithiformes, Apterygiformes, Aepyornithiformes and Casuariiformes ): palaeognaths
 * Suborder Casuarii : kiwis, cassowaries and emu
 * Suborder Rheae : rheas
 * Suborder Struthioni : ostriches
 * Suborder Tinami: tinamous (sometimes also rheas, kiwis, cassowaries and emu )
 * Superorder Galloanserae
 * Order Anseriformes: waterfowl
 * Order Galliformes (incl. Craciformes): fowl
 * Superorder Neoaves
 * Aequornithes
 * Order Gaviiformes: loons
 * Feraequornithes
 * Order Sphenisciformes: penguins
 * Order Procellariiformes: albatrosses, petrels, and allies
 * Order Ciconiiformes: storks and allies
 * Pelecanes
 * Order Suliformes: cormorants, boobies, frigatebirds, and darters
 * Order Pelecaniformes (incl. Balaenicipitiformes): pelicans and allies
 * Cavitaves
 * Order Leptosomiformes: cuckoo roller
 * Eucavitaves
 * Order Trogoniformes: trogons
 * Order Bucerotiformes (incl. Upupiformes): hornbills and hoopoes
 * Order Coraciiformes: kingfishers
 * Order Piciformes (incl. Galbuliformes): woodpeckers and allies
 * Mirandornithes
 * Order Phoenicopteriformes: flamingos
 * Order Podicipediformes: grebes
 * Order Accipitriformes (incl. Cathartiformes ): eagles, hawks and allies
 * Order Caprimulgiformes (incl. Nyctibiiformes, Steatornithiformes, Podargiformes, Aegotheliformes, Apodiformes and Trochiliformes ): nightjars, hummingbirds, swifts and allies
 * Order Cariamiformes: seriemas
 * Order Charadriiformes (incl. Turniciiformes): plovers and allies
 * Order Coliiformes: mousebirds
 * Order Columbiformes: doves and pigeons
 * Order Cuculiformes: cuckoos
 * Order Eurypygiformes: kagus and sunbittern
 * Order Falconiformes: falcons
 * Order Gruiformes (incl. Ralliformes): cranes and allies
 * Order Mesitornithiformes: mesites
 * Order Musophagiformes: turacos
 * Order Opisthocomiformes: hoatzin
 * Order Otidiformes: bustards
 * Order Passeriformes: passerines
 * Order Phaethontiformes: tropicbirds
 * Order Psittaciformes: parrots and allies
 * Order Pterocliformes: sandgrouse
 * Order Strigiformes: owls

Class Mammalia: Mammals

 * Subclass Yinotheria
 * Order Monotremata: monotremes [or Order Tachyglossa + Order Platypoda]
 * Subclass Theria
 * Cohort [or Order] Marsupialia
 * Order Didelphimorphia: opossums
 * Order Paucituberculata: rat opossums
 * Order Microbiotheria: monito del monte
 * Order Dasyuromorphia: marsupial carnivores
 * Order Peramelemorphia [=Peramelia]: marsupial omnivores
 * Order Notoryctemorphia: marsupial moles
 * Order Diprotodontia: marsupial herbivores; kangaroos, wallabies, possums and allies
 * Cohort Placentalia
 * Afrotheria
 * Afroinsectiphilia
 * Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles
 * Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews
 * Order Tubulidentata: aardvark
 * Paenungulata [=Order Uranotheria]
 * Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes
 * Order Proboscidea: elephants
 * Order Sirenia: manatees and dugongs
 * [sometimes Order] Xenarthra
 * Order Cingulata: armadillos
 * Order Pilosa: sloths and anteaters
 * Laurasiatheria
 * Order Eulipotyphla: hedgehogs, shrews, moles
 * Order Cetartiodactyla: cetaceans and even-toed ungulates
 * Order Chiroptera: bats
 * Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates; horses, rhinos, tapirs
 * Order Pholidota: pangolins
 * Order Carnivora: carnivores; cats, hyenas, dogs, bears, seals, and others
 * Euarchontoglires
 * Order Dermoptera: colugos
 * Order Primates: lemurs, tarsiers and simians
 * Order Scandentia: treeshrews
 * Glires
 * Order Rodentia: rodents
 * Order Lagomorpha: rabbits, hares and pikas

= Definitions of Aves =


 * 1) "The most inclusive clade containing Vultur gryphus but not Crocodylus niloticus" (adapted from Patterson, 1993 ). Alternative names: Avemetatarsalia, Panaves.
 * 2) "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathers homologous (synapomorphic) with those of of Vultur gryphus" (adapted from Ji & Ji, 1996 : "Because Sinosauropteryx has extremely short and primitive feathers, it is undoubtedly a member of the class Aves"; and Lee and Spencer, 1997 ). Alternative names: Avifilopluma , Ornithodira.
 * 3) The most inclusive dinosaur clade containing Vultur gryphus but not Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia and Euparkeria capensis (adapted from Thulborn, 1975 : "A new classification of archosaurs and birds is presented, wherein the theropod ancestors of birds are transferred to the class Aves"). Alternative name: Theropoda.
 * 4) The clade of dinosaurs possessing "feathers with fully modern anatomy" (Martyniuk, 2012 ). Alternative name: Aviremigia , Pennaraptora ?
 * 5) The clade stemming from the last common ancestor of Archaeopteryx lithographica and Vultur gryphus (adapted from Padian & Chiappe, 1998, ; Livezey & Zusi, 2007 ). Alternative name: Ornithes . Criticism: "The traditional division between herpetological (“pre-Archaeopteryx”) and ornithological (“post-Archaeopteryx”) parts of the avian evolution should be abandoned, as it is fundamentally misleading [...] the internode represented by the last common ancestor of Archaeopteryx and birds (node that is often used to identifiy the "ancestral bird") does not show any significant divergence in mosphospace ocupation, compared to the adjacent nodes along the [avian stem lineage]. Its historical meaning aside, once analysed using a large-scale morphological and taxonomic sampling, Archaeopteryx does not mark any peculiar evolutionary shift toward the origin of modern birds or the evolution of flight." (Cau, 2018 )
 * 6) "The clade stemming from the ﬁrst panavian with feathered wings homologous (synapomorphic) with those of Vultur gryphus and used for powered ﬂight" (adapted from Ji & Ji, 2001 ). Alternative name: Avialae (only Gauthier defines Avialae this way. Most other authors use a branch-based definition ).
 * 7) The least inclusive group containing Enantiornithes and Neornithes (adapted from Thulborn, 1984 and Paul, 1988). Alternative names: Ornithothoraces, Carinatae.
 * 8) "The crown clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of Struthio camelus, Tinamus major and Vultur gryphus" (Gauthier, 1986 ; from Gauthier & De Queiroz, 2001 ). Alternative name: Neornithes. Criticism: "adopting a crown-clade approach does not increase taxonomic stability. Indeed, because the boundaries of traditional more inclusive clades are usually defined on anatomical features or morphological gaps perceived (rightly or wrongly) to be significant, such clades would probably tend to be more highly corroborated than crown-clade" (Lee & Spencer, 1997 )

=Cladograms=

Tree of life
=== Eukaryota (Brown et al., 2018 ) ===

Tetrapoda
=== Amniota (Simões et al., 2022) ===

Sauropsida
=== Diapsida (Sobral, Simões & Schoch; 2020 ) ===

Dracohors
==== Baron, Norman & Barrett (2017) ====

Maniraptora (Paul, 2016)
=== Hominina (Dembo et al., 2016 ) ===

Homo (Ni et al., 2021)
=Tables and taxoboxes=

=References=