User:Kj1595/sandbox

The Albanian Alps are a mountain region located primarily in northern Albania, constituting the country's highest and most fragmented physiographic region. They cover an area of 2240 km2, bounded by the Upper Shkodër plains to the southwest, the Drin river valley to the south, and the Tropojë basin to the east, further extending beyond the state borders, connecting with the High Karst of Montenegro to the north and Bjeshkët e Namuna in Kosovo to the northeast. At their full extent, the Alps measure a maximum length of 64 km, running from Maja e Zhihovës in the north to Megulla e Gjerkajve in the south. The maximum width approaches 60 km, stretching from Morinë Pass in the east to the village of Jeran (Kastrat) in the west.

Geology
Encompassing the Gashi Highlands, the Alps of the same name and the Krastë-Cukal tectonic zones, the Albanian Alps consist predominantly of carbonate rocks, including Mesozoic limestone, as well as terrigenous rocks like Paleozoic shale and volcanic rocks from Cretaceous-Paleogene flysch. The physical structure of the Alps is shaped by recent tectonic movements, forming blocks, scales, anticlines, synclines, and monoclines which have influenced the creation of alpine landscapes with various ridges and cliffs. Environmental factors such as glaciations, river erosion, karst processes, frost, snow, and human activities have further reshaped the landscape, with fluvial, glacial, and karst features widespread throughout the region. The hypsometric curve of the Alps effectively illustrates their mountainous nature, showing an average altitude of 1140 m, nearly 1.5 times higher than the country's overall average. The most significant uplift occurs in the central portion of the Alps, namely Jezercë and Bjeshkët e Namuna, which make up 7% of the total surface area, with elevations exceeding 2000 m, while the peripheral limits gradually decrease in height between 50-300 m, giving the Alps a dome-like shape with pronounced vertical and radial divisions. The Albanian Alps boast at least 13 peaks over 2500 m, most notably Jezercë, Grykat e Hapëta, Zhaborret, Kollata, Radohina, Mali i Hekurave and Maja e Shnikut. These peaks are separated by numerous intermountain troughs and river valleys, connected by the mountain passes of Tërthore, Leqet e Hotit, Valbonë, Agri and Kolç.

Climate
The Alps experience a typical alpine climate characterized by harsh and wet winters with frost and snow, and relatively short and cool summers. The average annual temperature ranges from 7.2°C (Vermosh) to 10.7°C (Dragobi). In January, the average temperatures fall from 2.8°C (Vermosh) to -0.2°C (Theth), while in July, they rise from 15.9°C to 20.4°C, respectively. Substantial rainfall, particularly around Bogë 3033 mm, has given this region the distinction of having the highest precipitation levels in Albania and being simultaneously one of the wettest regions in the Balkans and Europe.

The Alps possess great water resources, with rivers such as Valbonë, Shala, Cem and Kir all following a nival pattern. Numerous alpine lakes, springs, and other water sources are utilized for both energy production (through the construction of hydropower plants) and irrigation purposes, covering 75% of the arable land.

Biodiversity
Vegetation cover is rich and diverse of the Central European (boreal) type. The primary plant habitats are found at different altitudes and include deciduous forests with oak and beech trees at elevations between 800-1100 m, heather and coniferous forests between 1200-1800 m, and alpine pastures above 2000 m. Noteworthy is the presence of endemic plant species like the alpine star (Aster alpinus) and the mountain pine (Pinus mugo). Mountain ranges exhibit brown mountain soils, while heather and coniferous forests feature brown forest soils and alpine pastures are covered by mountain meadow soils.

The region also harbors valuable minerals such as bauxite, polymetal ore, quartz, and fluorite. With its extensive forests, including Vermosh, Lepushë, Skrobotushë, Budaç, Shosh and Valbonë, the Alps make for a highly appealing destination in regard to alpine tourism, mountaineering, and hunting.

Jezercë Block
The Jezercë Block is positioned at the center of the Albanian Alps, surrounded by Theth and Valbonë pits in the south-southeast, Kukaj river in the east, Runicë river in the west...... Maja Jezercë – 2694 m

Maja e Popllukës – 2578 m

Maja e Kokërhanës – 2495 m

Maja e Malësores – 2490 m

Maja e Alisë – 2471 m

Maja e Bojës – 2461 m

Maja e Rragamit – 2459 m

Maja Kolajt – 2418 m

Maja e Etheve – 2393 m

Mali i Valit – 2340 m

Interpretation
In the Albanian Encyclopedic Dictionary, the eagle is described as a powerful mountain bird, held by Albanians as a symbol of freedom and bravery, which is often found in folklore, literature and art works and as a national symbol stylized with two heads. The Dictionary of Albanian Mythology and Demonology characterizes the eagle as one of the most revered mythical birds by Albanians, bounded by all kinds of beliefs and taboos. Its killing was considered a great sin and in such cases, the corpse was thrown into a flying pose over a tree in a garden or a field, as it was believed that this way the trees or fields would provide good yields.

Earliest forms
A distinctive unified eagle model entered circulation after the declaration of independence at the top of the cover pages of patriotic newspapers of the time such as Besa Shqyptare (1915) and Agimi (1919). The same model of the eagle was used in the form of a seal by the Albanian Colony of Bucharest for the issuance of citizenship certificates, which according to the colony's archival sources, it had been recognized by the Romanian authorities with the right to issue citizenship certificates to Albanians for travel abroad. We find the same eagle on the cover of the book of Qarkore from this time period.

Usage in stamps
The fiscal stamps of Albania were cataloged for the first time by Alfred Forbin in 1915, in the third and last edition of his world tax catalog. A few years later, the Yvert et Tellier catalog dedicated to Albania in its 1924 edition lists among other things a series of stamps issued during the pre and post independence period. And in 1987, a priced catalog appeared in England, the "Alnis Guide to Albanian Revenues" by Relbmar, which included issues up to the 1950s.

The very first image of the black double-headed eagle in official stamps, as it relates to the modern state of Albania, can be attributed to the pre-independence period, starting with the Autonomous Administration of 1908–1910. The stamps of this era depict the image of the black double-headed eagle accompanied by the crescent half-moon with its star, which was the symbol of the Ottoman Empire, on the lower bottom is highlighted the word SHQIPËNIA (gheg: ALBANIA) and to the left side can be seen the word "paras" which is the Ottoman-Turkish translation for "money".

In the years leading to the consolidation of the new Albanian State, the image of the black double-headed eagle is seen in official government stamps which first entered circulation on 5 May 1913. All components of the stamps or seals were in black ink. The seal was circular in shape and featured the double-headed eagle inside a shield. Around the circle was written the name of the institution it represented. Such institutions were the Ministry of Post-Telegrafs and the State Police Office. A total of 2,232 documents were stamped.

When the International Commission for the Control of Borders managed the affairs of the country for a brief period in 1914, several stamps were issued baring the commission's name, printed in French as "Commission de Contrôle Provisoire", with a unique model of the black double-headed eagle stamped in the center.

First official model
Although the Albanian State declared its independence in 1912, due to the hasty circumstances in which it happened, there wasn't much time to deal with official state symbols. From 1912 until 1922, several specimens of the double-headed eagle circulated in the flag, while in official documents the forms were among the most unusual. To put an end to this chaos, the Council of Ministers, after consultations with the Albanian minister in London, decided on a unified eagle model, which would be used on the national flag, as well as in official documents. The announcement of the Council of Ministers stated:

"'Since the shape of the vulture of the national flag, and that of the official seals do not resemble each other, as in some countries where it is used, the vulture has its wings up and in some others, down, to bring a final resolution to this strongly important issue and thus to have a single vulture form, the Council of Ministers, on proposal no. 51/19, dated 2.6.1922 of the Albanian Legation in London, forwarded with letter no. 1481/1, dated 18.6.1922 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with decision no. 608, dated 7.7.1922, decided that out of four vultures painted in London, to accept model no. 3, presented with the above letter, a copy of which is provided to you here to authorize all offices for action”."

The decision was signed by Prime Minister and Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Xhafer Ypi; Minister of Justice and Deputy Minister of Finance, Hysen Vrioni and Minister of War, Ismail Tatzati.

The model of the vulture was forwarded with the qarkore no.11619, p.207 dated 15 June 1922. In 1926, a decree-law was passed on the coat of arms and flags.

Usage in state documents
During the pre-war period, state documents and administrative acts were published in official notebooks called Qarkore (circular) and Fletorja Zyrtare (official gazette). At the top of the cover page of each notebook was displayed a double-headed eagle which varied in design, depending on the ministerial department that published them.

Municipal Council
The Municipal Council (Këshilli Bashkiak) is the main legislative body for the municipality of Kavajë. It is constituted every four years, following the national local elections. The council consists of 31 members who elect among them the chairman and the secretary of the council.

Council meetings are held at least once a month. The council is convened outside its scheduled session at the request of the mayor, at the request of 1/3 of its members or at the request of the prefect, with motivation related to the excersise of the council's governing functions. Meetings are open to the public. Any citizen is allowed to attend them in the manner prescribed by the council's regulations.

Council committees

 * Committee of Finance, Taxation and Revision.
 * Committee of Education, Youth, Culture, Tourism, Sports, Social Services and Gender Equality.
 * Committee of Urban Planning, Economic Development and Infrastructure.
 * Judicial Committee for Public Order, Economic Assistance, Housing and Civil Emergencies.
 * Committee of Public Health and Property Services.
 * Committee of Agriculture and Public Services.
 * Organizing Committee for Mandates, Personnel, Rules and Public Relations.

Hafiz Ali Korça
Hafiz Ali Korça was an Albanian imam, publicist and translator of oriental literature. In 1925 he wrote his critical essay "Bolshevism or the destruction of humanity", making him the first public figure in Albania to denounce the communist ideology.

Biography
Hafiz Ali Korça was born in the south-eastern town of Korçë as the son of Iljaz efendi Kadiu who heralded from a family of religious scholars. He received his primary and secondary education in his hometown, in the iptidaije and idadije schools. Ali Korça completed his higher studies at the "Çifte Minareli" madrasa in Istanbul and in 1889, joined the national movement for independence. Later he began to teach Albanian at the boys school in Korçë. As a proponent of the Latin alphabet, he supported the Congress of Elbasan (September 2, 1909) which laid the foundation for national education. Ali Korça gave the keynote speech at the Congress of Dibër. In 1916, during the government of Essad Toptani, he was appointed director of education for Tirana, Durrës, Elbasan, Dibër, Mat and Pogradec. He was a member of the Literary Commission of Shkodër and in that same year, became the chief mufti in the High Council of Sharia. Ali Korça was co-founder and teacher at the Madrasa of Tirana, where he undertook curriculum reforms and drafted textbooks for students to facilitate their studies in high schools abroad. He was subsequently dismissed from this post, following the publication of his work "The Seven Dreams of Albania".

From his knowledge of the traditional languages ​​of the East, he translated religious and literary masterpieces such as "Mevludi" in 1900, "303 words of Imam Ali" published in Korçë in 1910, Saadi's Gjylistan and Bostan, in 1918, and Khayyam's Rubaiyat in 1930 all from Persian. For the translation of Khayyam's work, there was a wide debate with Fan Noli who had translated it himself from an English version. Hafiz Ali argued how much the translation made by Noli had been lost from the original and the lack of tasawwuf alienated his version.

Works

 * Mevlud. Prej Hafez Ali-ut Hatib i Korçës. (Korçë 1909 [1325 A.H.]) 16 ff.
 * Abetare prej Hafez Ali-ut Hatib i Korçës. (Korçë 1910 [1326 A.H.]) 26 ff.
 * Treqint e tri fjalet të imami Aliut prej Hafez Aliut, Hatib i Korçës. (Korçë 1910 [1326 A.H.]) 20 ff.

Census in Albania
This article is a chronological summary of the history of censuses organized in the present-day territory of the Republic of Albania, starting with the first Ottoman census of 1431–32 and continuing with the last census of 1905-06. In addition to 11 official censuses of the population, there were also 3 other censuses: 1) Austrian incomplete census of 1918 ; 2) The Census of the First Parliamentary Elections of 1921 that focused primarily on the list of voters; 3) The 1940 Italian census believed to be trustworthy but not officially recognized because it was organized by fascist authorities. So all this chronology of events should be expanded by dividing paragraphs of each period. You can also use diagrams and statistics tables to make the article interesting.