User:Kl4792a/sandbox

See below for Week 6 / 7

Week 2 Article Evaluation
 * Choose an article on Wikipedia related to your course to read and evaluate. As you read, consider the following questions (but don't feel limited to these):
 * Ella T. Grasso
 * Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
 * Yes, the article details her early life, political background, personal life and legacy. There does not appear to be any significant distractions within her article
 * Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * The article is fairly neutral, however, there are two claims that indicate some potential bias and or framing issues. The first is her 1978 re-election and how she had won with "little difficulty," with no citation for that point it is not easily verifiable. The second claim details the high point in her career over the handling of a devastating blizzard, however, that point is supported by two sources.
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * Her politics section is certainly underrepresented, while readers know that she is a Democrat, there is little supporting information regarding her possible stances on certain issues or how she voted while in both State Congress and Congress. More work could be done to include more information on that topic.
 * Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
 * Yes all of the citations work, yes they do.
 * Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
 * No, not every fact is referenced appropriately. The information comes from a book and a few different websites that for the most part are fairly neutral.
 * Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
 * No, the information is not out of date, however, as previously mentioned above, more information can be added regarding her political career.
 * Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * There is discussion over whether or not she was the first woman governor, and modification of some of the reference links.
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * It is a part of the WikiProject Biography 11 east steps, I believe it is rated a "B"
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
 * N/A

Week 3

Since the Susan Livingstone article is classified as an "S" or "Start Class" article, I will be focusing on adding additional sources and developing  her prior professional background to joining the Navy and focusing on her efforts while as Secretary of the Navy.

Week 6 / 7 Draft Writing Outline: Minor changes to current article main paragraph / summary. Including Early Life; Education; Career; Role in Title IX; Awards and Honors Sections, plan to update the existing activism tab and update the bibliography / publications tab

= Draft = Bernice Resnick Sandler, “Bunny” (born March 3, 1928) is an American women's rights activist from New York. Bernice Sandler is best known for being instrumental in the creation of Title IX, a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972, in conjunction with Representative Edith Green (D-OR) and Patsy Mink (D-HI) and Senator Birch Bayh in the 1970s. She has been called "the godmother of Title IX" by The New York Times.

Bernice Sandler has written extensively about sexual and peer harassment towards women on campus, coining the terms "gang rape" and "the chilly campus climate".

She has received numerous awards and honors for her work on women’s rights and was inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame in 2010, and the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2013. Some of her papers are currently held in the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, at the Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

Early and Personal Life
Bernice Resnick Sandler was born to Abraham Hyman and Ivy (Ernst) Resnick on March 3, 1928 in New York City. The second daughter of Russian and German immigrants, Sandler spent her childhood living in Brooklyn, New York. Originally intended to be named Beryl by her parents, due to a mistake by the doctor during her birth, Bernice was written down instead. The nickname "Bunny" is derived from the Yiddish translation of Bernice, Bunya.

In 1952, Sandler married Jerrold Sandler and had two children with him, Deborah Jo in 1954 and Emily Maud in 1956. The two later divorced in 1978.

Education
After Sandler graduated from Erasmus Hall High School, she attended Brooklyn College where she graduated cum laude with a B.S. in psychology 1948. Sandler also happened to attend, "the city’s first public coeducational liberal arts college." At the time of its founding in 1930, Brooklyn College, "was envisioned as a stepping stone for the sons and daughters of immigrants and working-class people toward a better life through a superb—and at the time, free—college education."

Furthering her education, she enrolled in the Master’s program at the City College of New York. Historically, the City College of New York had been seen as "the poor man's Harvard" and had only recently started to allow women into its graduate programs in 1930. Sandler received her Master’s of Clinical and School Psychology in 1950. In 1951, however, City College of New York, "the entire institution became coeducational."

In 1969, Sandler received her Ed.D. from the University of Maryland in Counseling and Personnel Services.

As of 2013, Sandler is also the recipient of over a dozen honorary doctorates for her work on women's issues.

Career
Prior to finishing her Ed.D., Bunny Sandler worked a series of odd jobs as a research assistant, nursery school teacher, a guitar instructor and as a secretary as a result of moving repeatedly with her husband.

Following her unsuccessful attempts at applying to tenure-track positions at higher education institutions, Sandler joined the Women’s Equity Action League (WEAL) as the Chair of the Action Committee for Federal Contract Compliance from 1969-1971. The Women’s Equity Action League, was an organization active from 1968-1989, was primarily focused on utilizing legal action and lobbying to enhance the status of women across the country. The now defunct organization is best known for its work overseeing the implementation of, "the contract compliance executive order as it applied to sex discrimination."

In between her time as Chair of the Action Committee at WEAL she was also hired as an Education Specialist for the Special Subcommittee on Education, Committee on Education and Labor for the U.S. House of Representatives. It was during her time on the Special Subcommittee on Education that Sandler helped to support hearings that had a direct focus on gender discrimination within education and employment matters.

In 1971, Sandler became the Deputy Director of the Women’s Action Program within the Department of Health’s Education and Welfare section. While at the Department of Health, Sandler worked on sex discrimination in education issues.

After a brief stint in the federal government, Sandler helped found the Project on the Status and Education of Women (PSEW) in 1971. The Project on the Status and Education of Women was an organization that focused on gender equality issues within the education system. While serving as Director and later Executive Associate with the PSEW, Sandler was instrumental in shaping the organization's direction during her time there from 1971 through 1991.

During her time at the Project on the Status and Education of Women, Sandler also served in various capacities on the National Advisory Council on Women’s Educational Programs. She was appointed to the council by both President Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter. Sandler served on the committee from 1975 through 1982 and was Committee Chair during her initial appointment from 1975-1977.

In 1977, Sandler became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.

Throughout the 1990s to present, Sandler has continued to serve as an expert witness in both discrimination and sexual harassment cases.

From 1991-1994, Sandler was a Senior Associate at the Center for Women Policy Studies in Washington, D.C. The Center for Women Policy is a non-profit organization that focuses on a diverse range of issues impacting women, currently the group is focused on addiction issues and recovery efforts.

Dr. Bernice Sandler is currently a Senior Fellow at the Women’s Research & Education Institute where she focuses on sexucal harassment, the chilly classroom climate, and women’s issues on campus. The Women's Research & Education Institute, founded in 1977, is a nonpartisan, non-profit, independent organization that works to, "identify issues affecting women in their roles in the family, workplace and public arena and to inform and help shape public policy."

Activism and Role in Title IX
Immediately following the completion of her E.d.D. from the University of Maryland, Bernice Sandler applied to a variety of teaching positions that she was qualified for, but was continually turned down for a variety of reasons. In one interview Sandler was told, "she came on too strong for a woman." As a self-proclaimed, "believer in bibliotherapy," Bunny Sandler turned to reading to help come to terms with her employment situation.

While reading a report from the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, she discovered an executive order that prohibited federal contractors from discrimination on a variety of factors that was recently amended to include sex discrimination. In 1965, President Johnson signed Executive Order 11246, which was originally focused on, "equal employment opportunity in Government employment, employment by Federal contractors and subcontractors and employment under Federally assisted construction contracts regardless of race, creed, color or national origin." In 1967, President Johnson, amended Executive Order 11246 through Executive Order 11375 which specifically added sex discrimination as a category protected by the previous Executive Order. This minor amendment by President Johnson, paved the way forward for Bernice Sandler, providing her with the legal footing necessary to bring litigation against non-compliant higher education institutions.

Through this discovery, Sandler worked with the Director of the Office of Federal Contract Compliance at the Department of Labor, Vincent Macaluso, and through her position with the Women's Equity Action League, she began to file class action lawsuits against colleges and universities nationwide.

Although the barrage of over 250 lawsuits against higher education institutions were successful in generating attention towards the issue, it did little to generate significant federal enforcement on the issues at hand. Prior to the lawsuits, the federal office in charge of overseeing enforcement of the executive order, the Office for Civil Rights under the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare within the Department of Labor, had been slow to implement an enforcement program and had generally failed to provide adequate protection for those impacted.

Concurrently during her nationwide legal campaign, Sandler continued to press women in academia to write their congressional representatives to increase awareness and exposure on the issue of sex discrimination in education that were directed at the Secretary of Labor.

Simultaneously, Representative Edith Green (D-OR) and Representative Patsy Mink (D-HI), both members of the House of Representatives Committee on Education and Labor, were attempting to address the lack of legal coverage that was focused on sex discrimination within the education field. Using the data compiled by the Women's Equity Action League, Sandler was able to provide Rep. Green and Rep. Mink with the material they needed to hold hearings on gender discrimination in education and to draft potential legislation addressing the issue. The hearings held in June 1970 by the Committee were successful in generating a wealth of materials to be used in supporting an effort to end gender discrimination in higher education.

Testimony during the hearing highlighted multiple perspectives brought forth by women within higher education who were discriminated against and had little assistance from the Office for Civil Rights within the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare under the Department of Labor.

On the Senate side, Senator Birch Bayh, (D-IN), a staunch advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment, sponsored the legislation and worked to ensure its passage following the instrumental work done by Rep. Green, Rep. Mink, Bernice Sandler and the other committee members.

With the legislation passing with little notice by the media and educational institutions, the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 passed by the 92nd Congress and signed into law by President Richard Nixon, would have a dramatic impact on the higher education field to include a significant impact on collegiate athletics.

The Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 was passed, "as a means of correcting sex discrimination at the college and university level." In addition to ending sex discrimination in education, the act also extends to athletics, sexual harassment and employment discrimination. Title IX has had a significant impact on female collegiate athletics throughout its 46 year history, dramatically increasing the number of women in college athletics, increasing minority representation and increasing overall equity and diversity within the NCAA.

For her significant work on formulating and then executing a plan to address gender discrimination within higher education, Sandler has been described by many as, "the Godmother of Title IX."

After the passage of the landmark legislation, Sandler has continued to address women's rights issues nationwide. Her work on women's rights issues have led to many 'firsts' in the field that continue to have an impact on women nationwide.

Furthermore, during her time as Director of the Program on the Status and Education of Women, Sandler led the creation of a monthly newsletter, On Campus with Women, to provide higher education administrators with the information needed to better understand the developments impacting women within higher education.

In 1982, co-authoring a report with Roberta M. Hall, the two first created the term chilly climate, which they defined as "an environment that dampens women's self-esteem, confidence, aspirations and their participation."

Bernice Sandler also maintains a long list of 'firsts' within the field. A sample of her many 'firsts' include, "the first individual to write the first federal policy report on sex discrimination in education, the first paper about barriers faced by women of color and from other special population groups, the first report on campus gang rape and the first report on peer harassment."

In Film and Television
Bernice Sandler and her role in implementing Title IX is highlighted in the documentary film Rise of the Wahine (2014), directed by Dean Kaneshiro. Rise of the Wahine, highlights the individuals from Hawaii who were influential in changing women’s collegiate athletic opportunities. Her work is also promoted in the 2015 documentary, An Unexpected Win: Title IX and the Pinckney Pirates, a documentary about the impact of Title IX in a Midwest town.

Sandler has also appeared on the TV series, Penn & Teller: Bullshit!, on an episode about Title IX.

Awards and Honors

 * Athena Award, Intercollegiate Association of Women Students, 1974
 * Boyer Award, Women's Equity Action League, 1976
 * National Leadership Award, Institute for Educational Leadership, 1979
 * co-Winner Rockefeller Public Service Award, Princeton University, 1976
 * Anna Roe Award, Harvard University, 1988
 * Georgina Smith Award
 * American Association of University Professors 1991
 * Woman of Distinction Award, National Association for Women in Education 1991
 * Woman of Achievement, Turner Broadcasting System, 1994
 * Leadership Matters Award, Institute for Educational Leadership, 1997
 * American Psychological Association Presidential Citation, 2012

Books

 * Sandler, Bernice R., Lisa A. Silverberg and Roberta M. Hall, The Chilly Classroom Climate:  A Guide to Improve the Education of Women, Washington, DC: National Association for Women in Education, 1996.
 * Co-editor, with Robert J. Shoop, Sexual Harassment on Campus: A Guide for Administrators, Faculty and Students. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997.
 * Educator's Guide to Controlling Sexual Harassment, Thompson Publishing Co., Washington, DC, 1993.

Articles, Conference Proceedings, and Talks

 * Sandler, Bernice Resnick and Roberta M. Hall, The Campus Climate Revisited: Chilly for Women Faculty, Administrators, and Graduate Students, Association of American Colleges and Universities, Washington, DC, 1986.
 * Hughes, Jean O'Gorman and Bernice Resnick Sandler, Friends Raping Friends: Could it Happen to You? Association of American Colleges and Universities, Washington, DC, 1987.
 * "The Classroom Climate for Women," The American Woman, Women's Research and Education Institute, Washington, DC, 1987.
 * Bernice Resnick Sandler, Jean O'Gorman Hughes, and Mary DeMouy, It's All in What You Ask: Questions for Search Committees to Use, Association of American Colleges and Universities, Washington, DC, 1988.
 * Hughes, Jean O'Gorman and Bernice Resnick Sandler, Peer Harassment: Hassles for Women on Campus, Association of American Colleges and Universities, Washington, DC, 1988.
 * "The College Experience," in Women In Academe, Mariam K. Chamberlain, editor, Russell Sage Foundation, NY, 1988.
 * "The Classroom Climate--Chilly for Women?" in The Academic Handbook, A. Leigh DeNeef, Editor, Duke University Press, 1988.
 * The Restoration of Title IX: Implications for Higher Education, Association of American Colleges and Universities, Washington, DC, 1989.
 * "The Classroom Climate: Still a Chilly One for Women," in Women, Culture and Society: A Reader, edited by Barbara Balliet and Debra Humphreys, Dubuque, IO, Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 1992, pp. 151-158.
 * Success and Survival Strategies for Women Faculty Members, Association of American Colleges and Universities, Washington, DC, 1992.
 * Sexual Harassment and Date Rape, Association of Governing Boards, Washington, DC, 1993.
 * "Sexual Harassment and the First Amendment," Temple [University] Political and Civil Rights Law Review; Symposium on Race Gender & Free Speech: Censorship, Harassment, Protest, Vol. 3, Fall 1993/Spring 1994.
 * “Handling Sexual Harassment” in About Women on Campus, Fall 1997.
 * “‘Too Strong For a Woman” — The Five Words That Created Title IX” in About Women on Campus, Spring 1997.
 * “10 Ways Expert Witnesses Can Be Used in Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment Cases” in Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Reporter, March 1997.