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Phone hacking

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the use of telephone technology to steal information. For the manipulation of telephone call routing, see Phreaking. It has been suggested that this article be merged into Phreaking. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2014.

Phone hacking is the practice of intercepting telephone calls or voicemail messages, often by accessing the voicemail messages of a mobile phone without the consent of the phone's owner. The term came to prominence during the News International phone hacking scandal, in which it was alleged (and in some cases proved in court) that the British tabloid newspaper the News of the World had been involved in the interception of voicemail messages of the British Royal Family, other public figures, and the murdered schoolgirl Milly Dowler.[1]

Contents

1 Risks 2 Techniques 2.1 Voicemail 2.2 Handsets 2.3 Other 3 Legality 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Risks

Although any mobile phone user may be targeted, "for those who are famous, rich or powerful or whose prize is important enough (for whatever reason) to devote time and resources to make a concerted attack, there are real risks to face."[2] Techniques Voicemail Phone hacking often involves unauthorized access to the voicemail of a mobile phone.

Contrary to what to their name suggests, scandals such as the News International phone hacking scandal have little to do with hacking phones, but rather involve unauthorised remote access to voicemail systems. This is largely possible through weaknesses in the implementations of these systems by telcos.[3]

Since the early days of mobile phone technology, service providers have allowed access to the associated voicemail messages via a landline telephone, requiring the entry of a Personal Identification Number (PIN) to listen to the messages. Many mobile phone companies used a system that set a well-known four digit default PIN that was rarely changed by the phone's owner, making it easy for an adversary who knew both the phone number and the service provider to access the voicemail messages associated with that service.[4] Even where the default PIN was not known, social engineering could be used to reset the voicemail PIN code to the default, by impersonating the owner of the phone during a call to a call centre.[5][6] Many people also use weak PINs that are easily guessable; to prevent subscribers from choosing PINs with weak password strength, some mobile phone companies now disallow the use of consecutive or repeat digits in voicemail PIN codes.[7]

During the mid-2000s, it was discovered that calls emanating from the handset registered against a voicemail account were put straight through to voicemail without the caller being challenged to enter a PIN. An attacker could therefore use caller ID spoofing to impersonate a victim's handset phone number and thereby gain unauthorized access to the associated voicemail without a PIN.[8][9]

Following controversies over phone hacking and criticism that was levelled at mobile service providers who allowed access to voicemail without a PIN, many mobile phone companies have strengthened the default security of their systems so that remote access to voicemail messages and other phone settings can no longer be achieved via a default PIN.[4] For example, AT&T announced in August 2011 that all new wireless subscribers would be required to enter a PIN when checking their voicemail, even when checking it from their own phones, while T-Mobile stated that it "recommends that you turn on your voice mail password for added security, but as always, the choice is yours."[10] Handsets

An analysis of user-selected PIN codes suggested that ten numbers represent 15% of all iPhone passcodes, with "1234" and "0000" being the most common, with years of birth and graduation also being common choices.[11] Even if a four-digit PIN is randomly selected, the key space is very small (10^{4} or 10,000 possibilities), making PINs significantly easier to brute force than most passwords; someone with physical access to a handset secured with a PIN can therefore feasibly determine the PIN in a short time.[12] Enterprises may therefore implement policies enforcing strong passwords through mobile phone management systems.[13]

Mobile phone microphones can be activated remotely by security agencies or telcos, without any need for physical access.[14][15][16][17][18][19] This "roving bug" feature has been used by law enforcement agencies and intelligence services to listen in on nearby conversations.[20]

Other techniques for phone hacking include tricking a mobile phone user into downloading malware which monitors activity on the phone, or bluesnarfing, which is unauthorized access to a phone via Bluetooth.[6][21] Other

There are also flaws in the implementation of the GSM encryption algorithm that allow passive interception.[22] The equipment needed is available to government agencies or can be built from freely available parts.[23]

In December 2011, German researcher Karsten Nohl revealed that it was possible to hack into mobile phone voice and text messages on many networks with free decryption software available on the Internet. He blamed the mobile phone companies for relying on outdated encryption techniques in the 2G system, and said that the problem could be fixed very easily.[24] Legality

Phone hacking is a form of surveillance, and is illegal in many countries unless it is carried out as lawful interception by a government agency. In the News International phone hacking scandal, private investigator Glenn Mulcaire was found to have violated the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. He was sentenced to six months in prison in January 2007.[25] Renewed controversy over the phone hacking claims led to the closure of the News of the World in July 2011.[26]

In December 2010, the Truth in Caller ID Act was signed into United States law, making it illegal "to cause any caller identification service to knowingly transmit misleading or inaccurate caller identification information with the intent to defraud, cause harm, or wrongfully obtain anything of value."[27] See also

Mobile security Telephone tapping Operation Weeting Phreaking

References

Davies, Nick; Hill, Amelia (4 July 2011). "Missing Milly Dowler's voicemail was hacked by News of the World". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 July 2011. Wolfe, Henry B (February 2010). "Mobile Phone Security". The TCSM Journal. Vol 1 (2): 3. Rogers, David (7 July 2011). "Voicemail Hacking and the 'Phone Hacking' Scandal - How it Worked, Questions to be Asked and Improvements to be Made". Copper Horse Solutions. Retrieved 25 Jul 2012. "Who, What, Why: Can Phone Hackers Still Access Messages?". BBC News. 6 July 2011. Voicemail hacking: How Easy Is It?, New Scientist, 6 July 2011 Milian, Mark (8 July 2011). "Phone Hacking Can Extend Beyond Voice Mail". CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2011. Grubb, Ben (8 July 2011). "Vulnerable voicemail: telco-issued PINs insecure". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 July 2011. Cell Phone Voicemail Easily Hhacked, MSNBC, 28 February 2005 Kevin Mitnick Shows How Easy It Is to Hack a Phone, interview with Kevin Mitnick, CNET, 7 July 2011 Soghoian, Christopher (9 August 2011). "Not an option: time for companies to embrace security by default". Ars Technica. Retrieved 25 July 2012. Rooney, Ben (15 June 2011). "Once Again, 1234 Is Not A Good Password". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 July 2011. Greenberg, Andy (27 Mar 2012). "Here's How Law Enforcement Cracks Your iPhone's Security Code". Forbes.com. Retrieved 25 Jul 2012. Jaquith, Andrew (5 Apr 2011). "Picking a Sensible Mobile Password Policy" (pdf). Perimeter E-Security. Retrieved 26 Jul 2012. Schneier, Bruce (December 5, 2006). "Remotely Eavesdropping on Cell Phone Microphones". Schneier On Security. Retrieved 13 December 2009. McCullagh, Declan; Anne Broache (December 1, 2006). "FBI taps cell phone mic as eavesdropping tool". CNet News. Retrieved 2009-03-14. Odell, Mark (August 1, 2005). "Use of mobile helped police keep tabs on suspect". Financial Times. Retrieved 2009-03-14. "Telephones". Western Regional Security Office (NOAA official site). 2001. Retrieved 2009-03-22. "Can You Hear Me Now?". ABC News: The Blotter. Retrieved 13 December 2009. Lewis Page (2007-06-26). "'Cell hack geek stalks pretty blonde shocker'". The Register. Retrieved 2010-05-01. Brian Wheeler (2004-03-02). "'This goes no further...'". BBC News Online Magazine. Retrieved 2008-06-23. How easy is it to hack a mobile?, BBC News, 7 September 2010 Jansen, Wayne; Scarfone, Karen (October 2008). "Guidelines on Cell Phone and PDA Security" (pdf). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 25 Jul 2012. McMillan, Robert. "Hackers Show It's Easy to Snoop on a GSM Call". IDG News Service. O'Brien, Kevin J. (25 December 2011). "Lax Security Exposes Voice Mail to Hacking, Study Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 December 2011. "Pair jailed over royal phone taps ", BBC News, 26 January 2007 News of the World to close amid hacking scandal, BBC News, 7 July 2011 Truth in Caller ID Act of 2010, December 22, 2010, accessed 7 July 2011

External links

How Phone Hacking Worked and How to Make Sure You're Not a Victim at Sophos Phone hacking collected news and commentary at The Guardian Timeline: News of the World phone-hacking row, BBC News, 5 July 2011 Full Q&A On The Phone Hacking Scandal, Sky News, 5 July 2011 Anatomy of the Phone-Hacking Scandal, The New York Times, 1 September 2010 The Rise of Caller ID Spoofing, The Wall Street Journal, 5 February 2010 Phone hacking: Are you safe?, Rory Cellan-Jones, BBC News, 12 July 2011

Hacker (computer security) computers hacks--KlBET BII GEOFFREY (talk) 08:50, 4 February 2015 (UTC)Italic text

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Hacking (computers))

This article is part of a series on Computer hacking History

]]   Phreaking Cryptovirology

Hacker ethic

Hacker Manifesto Black hat Grey hat White hat Black Hat Briefings DEF CON

Computer crime

Crimeware List of computer criminals Script kiddie

Hacking tools

Vulnerability Exploit Payload

Malware

Rootkit Backdoor Trojan horse Virus Worm Spyware Botnet Keystroke logging Antivirus software Firewall HIDS

Computer security

Application security Network security

Groups

Hacker group

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In the computer security context, a hacker is someone who seeks and exploits weaknesses in a computer system or computer network. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, challenge or enjoyment.[1] The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground and is now a known community.[2] While other uses of the word hacker exist that are related to computer security, such as referring to someone with an advanced understanding of computers and computer networks,[3] they are rarely used in mainstream context. They are subject to the longstanding hacker definition controversy about the term's true meaning. In this controversy, the term hacker is reclaimed by computer programmers who argue that someone who breaks into computers, whether computer criminal (black hats) or computer security expert (white hats),[4] is more appropriately called a cracker instead.[5] Some white hat hackers claim that they also deserve the title hacker, and that only black hats should be called "crackers".

Contents

1 History 2 Classifications 2.1 White hat 2.2 Black hat 2.3 Grey hat 2.4 Elite hacker 2.5 Script kiddie 2.6 Neophyte 2.7 Blue hat 2.8 Hacktivist 2.9 Nation state 2.10 Organized criminal gangs 3 Attacks 3.1 Security exploits 3.2 Techniques 4 Notable intruders and criminal hackers 5 Notable security hackers 6 Customs 6.1 Hacker groups and conventions 7 Consequences for malicious hacking 7.1 India 7.2 Netherlands 7.3 United States 8 Hacking and the media 8.1 Hacker magazines 8.2 Hackers in fiction 8.2.1 Books 8.2.2 Films 8.3 Non-fiction books 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

History Further information: Timeline of computer security hacker history

Bruce Sterling traces part of the roots of the computer underground to the Yippies, a 1960s counterculture movement that published the Technological Assistance Program (TAP) newsletter.[citation needed] TAP was a phone phreaking newsletter that taught techniques for unauthorized exploration of the telephone network. Many people from the phreaking community are also active in the hacking community even today, and vice versa.[citation needed] Classifications

Several subgroups of the computer underground with different attitudes use different terms to demarcate themselves from each other, or try to exclude some specific group with whom they do not agree.

Eric S. Raymond, author of The New Hacker's Dictionary, advocates that members of the computer underground should be called crackers. Yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as a wider hacker culture, a view that Raymond has harshly rejected. Instead of a hacker/cracker dichotomy, they emphasize a spectrum of different categories, such as white hat, grey hat, black hat and script kiddie. In contrast to Raymond, they usually reserve the term cracker for more malicious activity.

According to Ralph D. Clifford, a cracker or cracking is to "gain unauthorized access to a computer in order to commit another crime such as destroying information contained in that system".[6] These subgroups may also be defined by the legal status of their activities.[7] White hat Main article: White hat

A white hat hacker breaks security for non-malicious reasons, perhaps to test their own security system or while working for a security company which makes security software. The term "white hat" in Internet slang refers to an ethical hacker. This classification also includes individuals who perform penetration tests and vulnerability assessments within a contractual agreement. The EC-Council,[8] also known as the International Council of Electronic Commerce Consultants, is one of those organizations that have developed certifications, courseware, classes, and online training covering the diverse arena of ethical hacking.[7] Black hat

A "black hat" hacker is a hacker who "violates computer security for little reason beyond maliciousness or for personal gain" (Moore, 2005).[9] Black hat hackers form the stereotypical, illegal hacking groups often portrayed in popular culture, and are "the epitome of all that the public fears in a computer criminal".[10] Black hat hackers break into secure networks to destroy, modify, or steal data; or to make the network unusable for those who are authorized to use the network. Black hat hackers are also referred to as the "crackers" within the security industry and by modern programmers. Crackers keep the awareness of the vulnerabilities to themselves and do not notify the general public or the manufacturer for patches to be applied. Individual freedom and accessibility is promoted over privacy and security. Once they have gained control over a system, they may apply patches or fixes to the system only to keep their reigning control. Richard Stallman invented the definition to express the maliciousness of a criminal hacker versus a white hat hacker who performs hacking duties to identify places to repair.[11] Grey hat Main article: Grey hat

A grey hat hacker is a combination of a black hat and a white hat hacker. A grey hat hacker may surf the Internet and hack into a computer system for the sole purpose of notifying the administrator that their system has a security defect, for example. They may then offer to correct the defect for a fee.[10] Elite hacker

A social status among hackers, elite is used to describe the most skilled. Newly discovered exploits circulate among these hackers. Elite groups such as Masters of Deception conferred a kind of credibility on their members.[12] Script kiddie

A script kiddie (also known as a skid or skiddie) is an unskilled hacker who breaks into computer systems by using automated tools written by others (usually by other black hat hackers), hence the term script (i.e. a prearranged plan or set of activities) kiddie (i.e. kid, child—an individual lacking knowledge and experience, immature),[13] usually with little understanding of the underlying concept. Neophyte

A neophyte ("newbie", or "noob") is someone who is new to hacking or phreaking and has almost no knowledge or experience of the workings of technology and hacking.[10] Blue hat

A blue hat hacker is someone outside computer security consulting firms who is used to bug-test a system prior to its launch, looking for exploits so they can be closed. Microsoft also uses the term BlueHat to represent a series of security briefing events.[14][15][16] Hacktivist

A hacktivist is a hacker who utilizes technology to publicize a social, ideological, religious or political message.

Hacktivism can be divided into two main groups:

Cyberterrorism — Activities involving website defacement or denial-of-service attacks; and, Freedom of information — Making information that is not public, or is public in non-machine-readable formats, accessible to the public.

Nation state

Intelligence agencies and cyberwarfare operatives of nation states.[17] Organized criminal gangs

Groups of hackers that carry out organized criminal activities for profit.[17] Attacks Main article: Computer security This article is part of a series on Computer security

Computer security (main article)

Related security categories

Cyber security and countermeasure Cyberwarfare Information security Mobile security Network security World Wide Web Security

Threats

Vulnerability Eavesdropping Exploits Trojans Viruses and worms Denial of service Malware Payloads Rootkits Keyloggers

Defenses

Access Control Systems Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Security by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Firewall (computing) Intrusion detection system Intrusion prevention system Mobile secure gateway

v   t    e

A typical approach in an attack on Internet-connected system is:

Network enumeration: Discovering information about the intended target. Vulnerability analysis: Identifying potential ways of attack. Exploitation: Attempting to compromise the system by employing the vulnerabilities found through the vulnerability analysis.[18]

In order to do so, there are several recurring tools of the trade and techniques used by computer criminals and security experts. Security exploits Main article: Exploit (computer security)

A security exploit is a prepared application that takes advantage of a known weakness.[19] Common examples of security exploits are SQL injection, cross-site scripting and cross-site request forgery which abuse security holes that may result from substandard programming practice. Other exploits would be able to be used through File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), PHP, SSH, Telnet and some Web pages. These are very common in Web site and Web domain hacking. Techniques Question book-new.svg This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011)

Vulnerability scanner A vulnerability scanner is a tool used to quickly check computers on a network for known weaknesses. Hackers also commonly use port scanners. These check to see which ports on a specified computer are "open" or available to access the computer, and sometimes will detect what program or service is listening on that port, and its version number. (Firewalls defend computers from intruders by limiting access to ports and machines, but they can still be circumvented.)

Finding vulnerabilities Hackers may also attempt to find vulnerabilities manually. A common approach is to search for possible vulnerabilities in the code of the computer system then test them, sometimes reverse engineering the software if the code is not provided.

Brute-force attack Password guessing. This method is very fast when used to check all short passwords, but for longer passwords other methods such as the dictionary attack are used, because of the time a brute-force search takes.

Password cracking Password cracking is the process of recovering passwords from data that has been stored in or transmitted by a computer system. Common approaches include repeatedly trying guesses for the password, trying the most common passwords by hand, and repeatedly trying passwords from a "dictionary", or a text file with many passwords.

Packet analyzer A packet analyzer ("packet sniffer") is an application that captures data packets, which can be used to capture passwords and other data in transit over the network.

Spoofing attack (phishing) A spoofing attack involves one program, system or website that successfully masquerades as another by falsifying data and is thereby treated as a trusted system by a user or another program — usually to fool programs, systems or users into revealing confidential information, such as user names and passwords.

Rootkit A rootkit is a program that uses low-level, hard-to-detect methods to subvert control of an operating system from its legitimate operators. Rootkits usually obscure their installation and attempt to prevent their removal through a subversion of standard system security. They may include replacements for system binaries, making it virtually impossible for them to be detected by checking process tables.

Social engineering In the second stage of the targeting process, hackers often use Social engineering tactics to get enough information to access the network. They may contact the system administrator and pose as a user who cannot get access to his or her system. This technique is portrayed in the 1995 film Hackers, when protagonist Dade "Zero Cool" Murphy calls a somewhat clueless employee in charge of security at a television network. Posing as an accountant working for the same company, Dade tricks the employee into giving him the phone number of a modem so he can gain access to the company's computer system.

Hackers who use this technique must have cool personalities, and be familiar with their target's security practices, in order to trick the system administrator into giving them information. In some cases, a help-desk employee with limited security experience will answer the phone and be relatively easy to trick. Another approach is for the hacker to pose as an angry supervisor, and when his/her authority is questioned, threaten to fire the help-desk worker. Social engineering is very effective, because users are the most vulnerable part of an organization. No security devices or programs can keep an organization safe if an employee reveals a password to an unauthorized person.

Social engineering can be broken down into four sub-groups:

Intimidation As in the "angry supervisor" technique above, the hacker convinces the person who answers the phone that their job is in danger unless they help them. At this point, many people accept that the hacker is a supervisor and give them the information they seek. Helpfulness The opposite of intimidation, helpfulness exploits many people's natural instinct to help others solve problems. Rather than acting angry, the hacker acts distressed and concerned. The help desk is the most vulnerable to this type of social engineering, as (a.) its general purpose is to help people; and (b.) it usually has the authority to change or reset passwords, which is exactly what the hacker wants. Name-dropping The hacker uses names of authorized users to convince the person who answers the phone that the hacker is a legitimate user him or herself. Some of these names, such as those of webpage owners or company officers, can easily be obtained online. Hackers have also been known to obtain names by examining discarded documents (so-called "dumpster diving"). Technical Using technology is also a way to get information. A hacker can send a fax or email to a legitimate user, seeking a response that contains vital information. The hacker may claim that he or she is involved in law enforcement and needs certain data for an investigation, or for record-keeping purposes.

Trojan horses A Trojan horse is a program that seems to be doing one thing but is actually doing another. It can be used to set up a back door in a computer system, enabling the intruder to gain access later. (The name refers to the horse from the Trojan War, with the conceptually similar function of deceiving defenders into bringing an intruder into a protected area.)

Computer virus A virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents. By doing this, it behaves similarly to a biological virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. While some viruses are harmless or mere hoaxes, most are considered malicious.

Computer worm Like a virus, a worm is also a self-replicating program. It differs from a virus in that (a.) it propagates through computer networks without user intervention; and (b.) does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Nonetheless, many people use the terms "virus" and "worm" interchangeably to describe any self-propagating program.

Keystroke logging A keylogger is a tool designed to record ("log") every keystroke on an affected machine for later retrieval, usually to allow the user of this tool to gain access to confidential information typed on the affected machine. Some keyloggers use virus-, trojan-, and rootkit-like methods to conceal themselves. However, some of them are used for legitimate purposes, even to enhance computer security. For example, a business may maintain a keylogger on a computer used at a point of sale to detect evidence of employee fraud.

Tools and Procedures

A thorough examination of hacker tools and procedures may be found in Cengage Learning's E|CSA certification workbook.[20]

Notable intruders and criminal hackers Main article: List of computer criminals Notable security hackers Main article: List of hackers

Jacob Appelbaum is an advocate, security researcher, and developer for the Tor project. He speaks internationally for usage of Tor by human rights groups and others concerned about Internet anonymity and censorship. Rakshit Tandon is an prominent cyber security researcher from India with primary focus on combating online abuse of women and children. Eric Corley (also known as Emmanuel Goldstein) is the longstanding publisher of 2600: The Hacker Quarterly. He is also the founder of the Hackers on Planet Earth (HOPE) conferences. He has been part of the hacker community since the late 1970s. Ed Cummings (also known as Bernie S) is a longstanding writer for 2600: The Hacker Quarterly. In 1995, he was arrested and charged with possession of technology that could be used for fraudulent purposes, and set legal precedents after being denied both a bail hearing and a speedy trial. Dan Kaminsky is a DNS expert who exposed multiple flaws in the protocol and investigated Sony's rootkit security issues in 2005. He has spoken in front of the United States Senate on technology issues. Andrew Auernheimer, sentenced to 3 years in prison, is a grey hat hacker whose security group Goatse Security exposed a flaw in AT&T's iPad security. Gordon Lyon, known by the handle Fyodor, authored the Nmap Security Scanner as well as many network security books and web sites. He is a founding member of the Honeynet Project and Vice President of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. Gary McKinnon is a Scottish hacker facing extradition to the United States to face criminal charges. Many people in the UK have called on the authorities to be lenient with McKinnon, who suffers from Asperger syndrome.[21] Kevin Mitnick is a computer security consultant and author, formerly the most wanted computer criminal in United States history.[22] Rafael Núñez, a.k.a. RaFa, was a notorious hacker who was sought by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 2001. He has since become a respected computer security consultant and an advocate of children's online safety. Meredith L. Patterson is a well-known technologist and biohacker who has presented research with Dan Kaminsky and Len Sassaman at many international security and hacker conferences. Len Sassaman was a Belgian computer programmer and technologist who was also a privacy advocate. Solar Designer is the pseudonym of the founder of the Openwall Project. Michał Zalewski (lcamtuf) is a prominent security researcher.

Customs

The computer underground[1] has produced its own specialized slang, such as 1337speak. Its members often advocate freedom of information, strongly opposing the principles of copyright, as well as the rights of free speech and privacy.[citation needed] Writing software and performing other activities to support these views is referred to as hacktivism. Some consider illegal cracking ethically justified for these goals; a common form is website defacement. The computer underground is frequently compared to the Wild West.[23] It is common for hackers to use aliases to conceal their identities. Hacker groups and conventions Main articles: Hacker conference and Hacker group

The computer underground is supported by regular real-world gatherings called hacker conventions or "hacker cons". These events include SummerCon (Summer), DEF CON, HoHoCon (Christmas), ShmooCon (February), BlackHat, Chaos Communication Congress, AthCon, Hacker Halted, and HOPE.[citation needed] Local Hackfest groups organize and compete to develop their skills to send a team to a prominent convention to compete in group pentesting, exploit and forensics on a larger scale. Hacker groups became popular in the early 1980s, providing access to hacking information and resources and a place to learn from other members. Computer bulletin board systems (BBSs), such as the Utopias, provided platforms for information-sharing via dial-up modem. Hackers could also gain credibility by being affiliated with elite groups.[24] Consequences for malicious hacking India Section 	Offence 	Punishment 65 	Tampering with computer source documents - Intentional concealment, destruction or alteration of source code when the computer source code is required to be kept or maintained by law for the time being in force 	Imprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine up to 2 lakh rupees 66 	Hacking 	Imprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine up to 5 lakh rupees 66-A 	Sending offensive message through electronic means - Sending any information through an electronic message that is grossly offensive or has menacing character and might cause insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity, hatred, or ill will, etc. or sending such mail intended to deceive or to mislead the addressee or recipient about the origin of such messages 	Imprisonment up to three years, and with fine. Netherlands

Article 138ab of Wetboek van Strafrecht prohibits computervredebreuk, which is defined as intruding an automated work or a part thereof with intention and against the law. Intrusion is defined as access by means of: Defeating security measures By technical means By false signals or a false cryptographic key By the use of stolen usernames and passwords.

Maximum imprisonment is one year or a fine of the fourth category.[25] United States

18 U.S.C. § 1030, more commonly known as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, prohibits unauthorized access or damage of "protected computers". "Protected computers" are defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(2) as:

A computer exclusively for the use of a financial institution or the United States Government, or, in the case of a computer not exclusively for such use, used by or for a financial institution or the United States Government and the conduct constituting the offense affects that use by or for the financial institution or the Government. A computer which is used in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or communication, including a computer located outside the United States that is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce or communication of the United States;

The maximum imprisonment or fine for violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act depends on the severity of the violation and the offender's history of violations under the Act. Hacking and the media This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (August 2008) Hacker magazines Main category: Hacker magazines

The most notable hacker-oriented print publications are Phrack, Hakin9 and 2600: The Hacker Quarterly. While the information contained in hacker magazines and ezines was often outdated by the time they were published, they enhanced their contributors' reputations by documenting their successes.[24] Hackers in fiction See also: List of fictional hackers

Hackers often show an interest in fictional cyberpunk and cyberculture literature and movies. The adoption of fictional pseudonyms,[26] symbols, values and metaphors from these works is very common.[27] Books

The cyberpunk novels of William Gibson—especially the Sprawl trilogy—are very popular with hackers.[28] Helba from the .hack manga and anime series Merlin of Amber, the protagonist of the second series in The Chronicles of Amber by Roger Zelazny, is a young immortal hacker-mage prince who has the ability to traverse shadow dimensions. Lisbeth Salander in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larsson Alice from Heaven's Memo Pad Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card Evil Genius by Catherine Jinks Hackers (anthology) by Jack Dann and Gardner Dozois Little Brother by Cory Doctorow Neuromancer by William Gibson Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson

Films

Antitrust Cypher Eagle Eye Enemy of the State Firewall Girl With The Dragon Tattoo Hackers Live Free or Die Hard The Matrix series The Net The Net 2.0 Pirates of Silicon Valley Skyfall Sneakers Swordfish Take Down Tron Tron: Legacy Untraceable WarGames Weird Science The Fifth Estate Who Am I - No System Is Safe (film)

Non-fiction books

The Art of Deception by Kevin Mitnick The Art of Intrusion by Kevin Mitnick The Cuckoo's Egg by Clifford Stoll Ghost in the Wires: My Adventures as the World's Most Wanted Hacker by Kevin Mitnick The Hacker Crackdown by Bruce Sterling The Hacker's Handbook by Hugo Cornwall (Peter Sommer) Hacking: The Art of Exploitation Second Edition by Jon Erickson Out of the Inner Circle by Bill Landreth and Howard Rheingold Underground by Suelette Dreyfus

See also

Computer crime Cracking of wireless networks Cyber spying Cyber Storm Exercise Hack value Hacker (programmer subculture) Hacker Manifesto Hacker (term) IT risk Mathematical beauty Metasploit Project Penetration test Technology assessment Vulnerability (computing)

References

Sterling, Bruce (1993). "Part 2(d)". The Hacker Crackdown. McLean, Virginia: IndyPublish.com. p. 61. ISBN 1-4043-0641-2. Blomquist, Brian (May 29, 1999). "FBI's Web Site Socked as Hackers Target Feds". New York Post. "The Hacker's Dictionary". Retrieved 23 May 2013. Political notes from 2012: September–December. stallman.org Raymond, Eric S. "Jargon File: Cracker". "Coined ca. 1985 by hackers in defense against journalistic misuse of hacker" Clifford, D. (2011). Cybercrime: The Investigation, Prosecution and Defense of a Computer-Related Crime. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 1594608539. Wilhelm, Douglas (2010). "2". Professional Penetration Testing. Syngress Press. p. 503. ISBN 978-1-59749-425-0. EC-Council. eccouncil.org Moore, Robert (2005). Cybercrime: Investigating High Technology Computer Crime. Matthew Bender & Company. p. 258. ISBN 1-59345-303-5.Robert Moore Moore, Robert (2006). Cybercrime: Investigating High-Technology Computer Crime (1st ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59345-303-9. O'Brien, Marakas, James, George (2011). Management Information Systems. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin. pp. 536–537. ISBN 978-0-07-752217-9. Thomas, Douglas (2002). Hacker Culture. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3346-3. Andress, Mandy; Cox, Phil; Tittel, Ed (2001). CIW Security Professional. New York, NY: Wiley. p. 638. ISBN 0-7645-4822-0. "Blue hat hacker Definition". PC Magazine Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 31, 2010. "A security professional invited by Microsoft to find vulnerabilities in Windows." Fried, Ina (June 15, 2005). "Blue Hat summit meant to reveal ways of the other side". Microsoft meets the hackers. CNET News. Retrieved May 31, 2010. Markoff, John (October 17, 2005). "At Microsoft, Interlopers Sound Off on Security". New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2010. Chabrow, Eric (February 25, 2012). "7 Levels of Hackers: Applying An Ancient Chinese Lesson: Know Your Enemies". GovInfo Security. Retrieved February 27, 2012. Gupta, Ajay; Klavinsky, Thomas and Laliberte, Scott (March 15, 2002) Security Through Penetration Testing: Internet Penetration. informit.com Rodriguez, Chris; Martinez, Richard. "The Growing Hacking Threat to Websites: An Ongoing Commitment to Web Application Security". Frost & Sullivan. Retrieved 13 August 2013. Press, EC-Council (2011). Penetration Testing: Procedures & Methodologies. Clifton, NY: CENGAGE Learning. ISBN 1435483677. "Gary McKinnon extradition ruling due by 16 October". BBC News. September 6, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012. "Kevin Mitnick sentenced to nearly four years in prison; computer hacker ordered to pay restitution ..." (Press release). United States Attorney's Office, Central District of California. August 9, 1999. Retrieved April 10, 2010. Jordan, Tim and Taylor, Paul A. (2004). Hacktivism and Cyberwars. Routledge. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-0-415-26003-9. "Wild West imagery has permeated discussions of cybercultures." Thomas, Douglas (2003). Hacker Culture. University of Minnesota Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8166-3346-3. Artikel 138ab. Wetboek van Strafrecht, December 27, 2012 Swabey, Pete (27 February 2013). "Data leaked by Anonymous appears to reveal Bank of America's hacker profiling operation". Information Age. Retrieved 21 February 2014. "Hackers and Viruses: Questions and Answers". Scienzagiovane. University of Bologna. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2014. Staples, Brent (May 11, 2003). "A Prince of Cyberpunk Fiction Moves Into the Mainstream". The New York Times. "Mr. Gibson's novels and short stories are worshiped by hackers"

Further reading

Apro, Bill; Hammond, Graeme (2005). Hackers: The Hunt for Australia's Most Infamous Computer Cracker. Rowville, Vic: Five Mile Press. ISBN 1-74124-722-5. Beaver, Kevin (2010). Hacking for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. ISBN 978-0-7645-5784-2. Conway, Richard; Cordingley, Julian (2004). Code Hacking: A Developer's Guide to Network Security. Hingham, Mass: Charles River Media. ISBN 978-1-58450-314-9. Freeman, David H.; Mann, Charles C. (1997). At Large: The Strange Case of the World's Biggest Internet Invasion. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82464-7. Granville, Johanna (Winter 2003). "Dot.Con: The Dangers of Cyber Crime and a Call for Proactive Solutions". Australian Journal of Politics and History 49 (1): 102–109. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00284. Retrieved 20 February 2014. Gregg, Michael (2006). Certfied Ethical Hacker. Indianapolis, Ind: Que Certification. ISBN 978-0-7897-3531-7. Hafner, Katie; Markoff, John (1991). Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-68322-5. Harper, Allen; Harris, Shon; Ness, Jonathan (2011). Gray Hat Hacking: The Ethical Hacker's Handbook (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-174255-9. McClure, Stuart; Scambray, Joel; Kurtz, George (1999). Hacking Exposed: Network Security Secrets and Solutions. Berkeley, Calif: Mcgraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-212127-0. Russell, Ryan (2004). Stealing the Network: How to Own a Continent. Rockland, Mass: Syngress Media. ISBN 978-1-931836-05-0. Taylor, Paul A. (1999). Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-18072-6.

External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Hacking Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hackers.

CNN Tech PCWorld Staff (November 2001). Timeline: A 40-year history of hacking from 1960 to 2001 Can Hackers Be Heroes? Video produced by Off Book (web series)