User:Klausfaust/sandbox

I added the last two lines to this section on the influencing factor of age and wrote the paragraphs below about countering change blindness and about change blindness in animals.

Age has been implicated as one of the factors which modulates the severity of change blindness. In a study conducted by Veiel et al. it was found that older individuals were slower to detect the changes in a change blindness experiment than were younger individuals.[31] This trend was also noticed by Caird et al., who found that drivers aged 65 and older were more prone to making incorrect decisions after a change blindness paradigm was used at an intersection, than were participants aged 18–64.[32] Age differences in change detection become most pronounced when the task is easier. While the actual shift in ability does not occur until at least age 65, people's confidence in their ability to detect change drops significantly at middle-age.

Research shows that change blindness can be counteracted by a number of methods. Shifting attention with a visual cue can help lower the negative effects of change blindness. Stimulation of the superior colliculus improves performance and reaction time in the same way. Research has also been done on countering tactile change blindness. A 2016 study by Riggs et al. shows that three successful methods for limiting tactile change blindness in distinguishing changes in vibration patterns are attention guidance, signal gradation and direct comparison. All three methods seek to bring attention to the area of change. Attention guidance works proactively by increasing the frequency of a cue. The second and third methods are reactive and based on error-feedback. Signal gradation further increases the intensity of the vibration after the change has been missed. Direct comparison pairs the pre-change and post-change vibrations without a gap in between after a change has been missed to support relative judgment. While all significantly improve performance, the second and third countermeasures are most effective.

Though relatively little research has been done on change blindness in other animals, a few species of animals exhibited the same effects of change blindness as humans. Using the same motion detection paradigm for monkeys as humans, researchers found the results were the same in showing change blindness in motion. Pigeons not only demonstrate change blindness, but also are influenced by the salience and timing of the change in scenery like humans. Chimpanzees similarly have difficulty with detecting change in flicker-type visual search after a blank display was shown. Positional switches of a stimulus are the most difficult for chimpanzees to detect. The results show that the same levels of attention is demanded for chimpanzees as humans in these tasks.

Sources added

Bergmann, K. et al. (2015). Age-related differences in the P3 amplitude in change blindness. Psychological Research, 80(4), 660-676.

Riggs, S. & Sarter, N. (2016). The development and evaluation of countermeasures to tactile change blindness." Human Factors, 58(3), 482-495.

Cavanaugh, J. & Wurtz, R. "Subcortical modulation of attention counters change blindness." The Journal of Neuroscience, 24(50), 11236-11243.

Tomonaga, M. & Imura, T. (2015). Change they can't see: Change Blindness in Chimpanzees during a Visual Search Task. i-Perception, 6(2), 104-107.

Herbranson, W et al. (2014). Change detection and change blindness in pigeons. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 105(1), 181-187.