User:Klb123456/Race and health

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In the U.S., more than 133 million Americans (45% of the population) have one or more chronic diseases. One study has shown that between the ages of 60 and 70, racial/ethnic minorities are 1.5 to 2.0 times more likely than whites (Hispanic and non Hispanic) to have one of the four major chronic diseases specifically Diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic lung disease. However, the greatest differences only occurred among people with single chronic diseases. Racial/ethnic differences were less distinct for some conditions including multiple diseases. Non-Hispanic whites trended toward a high prevalence for dyads of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with cancer or lung disease. Hispanics and African Americans had the greatest prevalence of diabetes, while non-Hispanic blacks had higher odds of having heart disease with cancer or chronic lung disease than non-Hispanic whites. Among non-Hispanic whites the prevalence of multimorbidities that include diabetes was low; however, non-Hispanic whites had a very high prevalence of multimorbidities that exclude diabetes. Non-Hispanic whites had the highest prevalence of cancer only or lung disease only. '''Black Americans have an increased risk of death from COVID-19 compared to white Americans. In a study in Michigan in 2020 regarding COVID-19, it is shown that Black people are 3.6 times more likely to die due to COVID-19.'''


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For racial and ethnic minorities in the United States, health disparities take on many forms, including higher rates of chronic disease, premature death, and maternal mortality compared to the rates among whites. For example, African Americans have an increased risk of death due to birth and pregnancy by 2-3 times that of white people. It is important to note that this pattern is not universal. Some minority groups—most notably, Hispanic immigrants—may have better health outcomes than whites when they arrive in the United States. However this appears to diminish with time spent in the United States. For other indicators, disparities have shrunk, not because of improvements among minorities but because of declines in the health of majority groups.


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 * Taylor, Jamila K. “Structural Racism and Maternal Health Among Black Women.” The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, vol. 48, no. 3, 2020, pp. 506–17, https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110520958875.

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'''African Americans often have poor mental health due to the affect of racism on a person and their mental status. A study in 2020 shows, that African Americans have increased moralities from substance use disorders due to these mental health issues.'''


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 * Farahmand, Pantea, et al. “Systemic Racism and Substance Use Disorders.” Psychiatric Annals, vol. 50, no. 11, 2020, pp. 494–98, https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20201008-01.

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