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Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia is the most common form of dwarfism, occurring in 1 out of every 26,000 to 40,000 people. Individuals with this disorder reach average heights of 4ft,1in for women and 4ft, 4in for men. This is a type of disproportionate dwarfism causing individuals to have an enlarged head, prominent forehead, and flatten nasal bridge; along with shortened arms and legs that are disproportionate in ratio to their torsos.

Causes
In 80% of cases this type of dwarfism results from a mutation in the FGFR3 gene. This gene is mainly responsible for making the protein, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. This protein contributes to the production of collagen and other structural components in tissues and bones. When the FGFR3 gene is mutated it interferes with how this protein interacts with growth factors leading to complications with bone production. Cartilage is not able to fully develop into bone, causing the individual to be disproportionately shorter in height.

Achondroplasia can also be inherited through autosomal dominance. In couples where one partner has achondroplasia there is a 50% chance of passing the disorder onto their child every pregnancy. In situations where both parents have achondroplasia there is a 50% chance the child will have achondroplasia, 25% chance the child will not, and a 25% chance that the child will inherit the gene from both parents resulting in double dominance and leading to death.

Children
Kids suffering from achondroplasia often have less muscle tone; because of this it is common for them to have delayed walking and motor skills. It is also common for children to have bowed legs, scoliosis, lordosis, arthritis, issues with joint flexibility, breathing problems, ear infections, and crowded teeth. These issues can be treated with surgery, braces, or physical therapy.

Hydrocephalus is a severe effect associated with achondroplasia in children.This condition occurs when cerebrospinal fluid is not able to flow in and out of the skull because of how the spine narrows. This fluid build up is associated with an enlarged head, vomiting, lethargy, headaches, and irritability. A shunt surgery is commonly performed to treat this condition, but an endoscopic third ventriculostomy can also be done.

Adults
Adults with achondroplasia often face issues with obesity and sleep apnea. It is also typical for adults to suffer from numbness or tingling in their legs because of nerve compression.

Women with achondroplasia are considered higher risk pregnancies and generally have their babies delivered through C-sections to prevent complications that could occur with a natural birth.