User:Km3143/sandbox

TITLE == KM3143 ==

Pemulihan Dalam Komuniti (PDK)
Rehabilitation in the community is the concept of recovery to those who are not capable of specifically to people with disabilities. Recovery concept was originally put forward the WHO (World Health Organization) since the 1970s. Some countries buh Moving Companies have adopted the concept of the proposed WHO CBR recovery successful. In Malaysia PDK began ditubuhkanpada 1983 to April 1995 CBR 114 was established.

HISTORY
One of the recovery methods adopted by the WHO and the Department of Social Welfare Malaysia is a method of Community Rehabilitation (CBR) based on original translation System Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR). CBR method was pioneered by three physicians and physiotherapist also comprising WHO E. Helandar, P. Mendis and G. Nelson has produced a manual on His draft stage nearly 300 pages thick. The Social Welfare Department has been directly involved in the preparation of this manual in 1983 when Malaysia was represented by a Social Welfare Officer and Medical Officer to review the draft manual and gives the opportunity to evaluate and modify the implementation of this method in an Expert Group Meeting (Expert Group Meeting) organized by the WHO in Manila.

The result was the Social Welfare Department in collaboration with the State Health Department in particular, carry out a PDK pilot project in Batu Rakit findings based on the profile of people with disabilities who are in Mukim Batu Rakit. The survey was conducted with the cooperation of all the residents and government departments in the county and involving the population of nine (9) villages showed a total of 17,149 people. A result 275 person with disabilities is identified and is 1.65% of the county population.

Results of the study was to convince the Department to markedly launch the CBR program in 1984 by the Hon. Minister of Social Welfare at the time. In the early stages of the launch, Batu Rakit district were identified as having the appropriate factors to study and also due to the many incidents of potentials in Kuala Terengganu District at that time. PDK during the initial implementation stage only 55 cases involving disabled people has now increased by many folds development and represents a method of rehabilitation of people with disabilities in this country.

OBJECTIVE
-Promote self-awareness, self-reliance and a sense of responsibility in the local community rehabilitation programs for disabled people (disabled). -Mobilizing local resources for local resource recovery for rehabilitation of disabled people. -Encourage the use of a simple and acceptable technique, cheap, effective and in accordance with local CONDITIONS. -Using the infrastructure of existing local organizations to provide services. -Taking into account the country's economic resources and enable it to extend comprehensive services according to the needs of the disabled.

REVIEW OF RELATED ISSUE
Knowledge is now being seen as the most important resources in organization. It is the one of the reason of successful of organization. They must know and understand how knowledge is created, shared, and used within the organization. Knowledge is exist and is shared at different level in organization. Knowledge sharing is the process which explicit or tacit knowledge is communicated to other individuals. Knowledge sharing means effective transfer, so the staff or the helper of the knowledge may know and understand it well enough to act on it. What is shared is knowledge instead of recommendation based on the knowledge, the former involved the staff during the shared knowledge as well as having an ability to take action based on it. If the knowledge exist at a location that is different from where it needed, knowledge sharing discussed in the next subsection is necessary. Sharing knowledge is important process to know organization innovativeness and also their performances. Because of the benefits that can be realized from knowledge sharing, many organizations have invest their money and also time into knowledge management including the development of knowledge management system. From this knowledge, we review that how organization, leader, worker and also the individuals characteristic influence in level knowledge sharing. We also can know how the helper contributed their work in spreading what the knowledge they know and they get.

PROJECT APPROACH
The project approach for this project is we do an observation at one organization at Changlun that called Pusat Pemulihan Dalam Komuniti (PDK). The objective of this organization is to help people that disabilities. This types of people also need knowledge to help them to avoid from community that always underestimate the because of their lack. With knowledge that provide for them, it gives the spirit to them recovery from the lack their have. From the knowledge they gain, they can learn to do some craft and also cookies. It also can be like training to them in do their own product and also to start their business.

DISABILITY POLICY
Introduction:

Of people with disabilities (PWDs) are part of the community. Therefore, they have equal rights and opportunities to live a life like other members of society. Rights-based approach or rights-based and should be used to ensure protection of the interests and well-being of the disabled.

Definition:

Handicapped is a person with disabilities in terms of long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory when faced with various barriers may not be able to participate fully and effectively in society.

Policy Statement:

Policy disabled the basis of equality of rights and opportunities for disabled people to participate fully in society. This also gave importance to the rights of humanity such as glory, honor and freedom to enable them to live independently.

Policy Objectives

Handicapped policy set following four objectives:

1. Provide recognition and acceptance of the principle that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities for full participation in society.

2. Ensure that disabled people enjoy the same rights, opportunities and equal access under the law of the country.

3. Eliminate discrimination against any person on account of incapacity and.

4. Educate and raise public awareness about the rights of disabled people.

2.1 STRATEGY Disabled under the policy strategy is divided into 15 areas as follows:

1. Advocacy

Raising awareness and positive attitudes towards disabled people in the community through an effective program.

2. Accessibility

• Ensure the provision of barrier-free environment (barrier-free), including those in and out of buildings, workplaces, neighborhoods and public spaces.

• Improve the provision of public transport facilities and disabled-friendly.

• Encourage the provision of and access to information and communication technology (ICT).

3. Health

• Improve health services including prevention, detection and early intervention (primary care) and

• Improve the quality of medical services for the disabled (secondary and tertiary care)

4. Recovery

• Improve the effectiveness and expand existing programs for disabled rehabilitation.

• Creating a new rehabilitation program for disabled people in line with current developments.

5. Education

• Improve disabled access to education at all levels, including lifelong learning.

6. Employment

• Open up more job opportunities and encourage employment of disabled people in all sectors of employment.

• Encourage self-employed disabled people (self-employed) and self-reliance.

7. Personal Safety and Social Protection

• Protecting the disabled from all forms of exploitation, violence and abuse.

• Strengthening the services and facilities for the disabled are eligible and needy.

8. Support Services

• Strengthening mechanisms of support services tailored to the needs of disabled people.

• Encourage the production and sale of artificial devices and support affordable disabled.

9. Social

• Improving and promoting the participation of disabled people in social activities.

10. Human Resource Development

• Develop the capacity and provide adequate trained human resources and providing services to the disabled.

• Develop the capacity of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) representing the interests OKU.

• Increase the participation of disabled people in planning and decision-making process.

11. Community Involvement

• Encourage the involvement of disabled volunteers in program development.

• Establish and strengthen networks multi sector and multidisciplinary collaboration.

• Promote private sector involvement in corporate social responsibility.

12. Research and Development

• Encourage research and development of disabled and disseminate research findings for improvement actions.

• Strengthen the coordination mechanism of implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programs for disabled individuals.

13. Housing

• To promote universal design in housing construction and the environment.

• Provide opportunities for the disabled to own a home.

14. Disabled children

Prioritize the best interests (best interest) for children with disabilities in all programs of development, advancement and empowerment of people with disabilities.

15. Disabled women

Prioritize the best interests (best interest) for women with disabilities in all programs of development, advancement and empowerment of people with disabilities.

DISABLED SYMPTOMS
Cerebral palsy - Most suffered brain damage that affects body movement and muscle coordination.

Symptoms / signs

•	Development / growth slow

•	Only one hand

•	Having trouble feeding / eating

•	Frequent crying, whining, irritable without reason or too quiet and less response to stimulus

•	Suffer from constipation and irritable

Factors / causes:

Before birth;

•	There is an infection in the uterus such as rubella, cytomegalovirus & toxoplasmosis causing injury to the nervous system of the baby.

•	Mothers suffer from diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and anemia during pregnancy

•	The mother suffered severe bleeding during pregnancy

•	Lack of oxygen (anoxia)

•	Exposure to toxic bahan2 (alcohol, cigarettes & drugs) - inhibited the growth of organs such as the brain, kidney, heart and so on.

•	Lack of nutrients such as diet, vitamins & folic acid can affect fetal growth.

Genetic factors - problems first chromosome (Trisomy 13 and Trisomy 18) causes the face, heart, brain, legs & hands fetal defects.

At birth; •	Premature birth (premature birth)

•	Baby suffered brain injury at birth

•	Baby drowned at birth

•	Baby swallowed own feces

•	Infection at birth

•	Jaundice (jaundice)

After birth;

•	Asphyxia - a cause of asthma oxygen to the brain

•	Shaken Baby Syndrome - the shaken baby cry too hard when

•	Toxicity of drugs - aspirin, kerosene etc.

•	Ingestion of foreign objects - marbles, coins

•	Brain injuries due to accident, abuse @ physical abuse.

Types of Cerebral Palsy

Categorized into 3 types

Spastic (hard muscles)

•	Usually occurs cramps on the right side of the body

•	If the right foot & hand cramps - hemiplegia "

•	If both sides of the leg cramps - "diplegia"

Throughout the body - "quadriplegia"

Ataxia

•	The muscles flabby arms & legs

•	Motor condition is not stable and shake.

Athetoid / Diskinetik

•	Abnormal movements that cannot be controlled.

•	Injuries to the face, hands, body. This will cause difficulty in speaking, eating, holding objects and motor movement.

"Treatment for cerebral palsy"

Methods of treatment / therapy

Physical Therapy

•	More to exercise to loosen muscles such as stretching (stretching)

•	Example; kanak2 with unequal leg length will be using a special high-heeled shoes on the feet shorter.

•	Kanak2 who cannot walk - are taught to walk with crutches, wheelchairs, crutches, walkers.

Hydrotherapy / water

•	Suitable for physical development through fine and gross motor movements.

•	Stimulus water - allow patients to feel calm.

•	Activities in the water can enhance physical development through the next stretch and soften the functions of joints and increase the resilience of the heart and muscles.

Occupational therapists (Occupational Therapy)

•	Therapies that focus on improving motor development such as hands, feet, face, fingers and toes.

•	Teach basic skills such as how to dress, how to eat, how to go to the toilet and so on.

•	The use of supportive equipment such as wheelchairs to facilitate their life.

Speech therapy

•	Train the lip and tongue movements

•	Therapy is suitable for children who suffer from talk and eat.

•	Trained to express words of verbal & non-verbal communication (sign language)

Sensory Integration Therapy

•	The approach to enable children to achieve the optimum in terms of movement and improve balance.

•	Example: touch & massage on the body with the help of support tools such as "styrofoam chips", water and toys.

Drug therapy

•	Medications to reduce tension.

•	Example: Diazepam, Baclofen, and Dantrolene

•	Injection drug "Botulinum Toxin" - on the tense muscles.

Surgery / Surgery

•	Surgery will only be conducted if necessary.

•	Examples: Those who walk with the foot

•	Orthopedic surgery to lengthen the leg veins to be done.

•	This helps the child to overcome problems walking and balance control.

Equipment (special equipment)

Use appropriate equipment for children with cerebral palsy.

Purpose: to facilitate their activities and the treatment / recovery.

Example: wheelchair & walker

AUTISM
Jamila K.A. Mohamed (2005), has incorporated all the features of children with autism and is divided into six areas, namely:

i. Communication

Children with autism show communication features as follows:

• The development of slow or no language.

• Looks like the hearing impaired and non- ignore what is said by others.

• Rarely use of language.

• Difficult invited to speak.

• Sometimes can speak something but only for a moment.

• spoken word or the answer does not match the query.

• Removing language that is not understood.

• Imitating conversation or singing without understanding its meaning.

• Like another person's hand when requesting something.

'''ii. Social Interaction'''

Social interaction of children with autism can be classified as very difficult and extreme:

• Like alone.

• No eye contact (eye contact) and always avoid view of others.

• Does not like to play with friends and often reject call friends.

• Like to stay away and sit in a corner.

'''iii. Sensory disturbance'''

Among the characteristics of sensory disorders of children with autism are:

• Sensitive to touch.

• Do not like held or cuddled.

• Sensitive to loud sounds and cover the ears.

• Like kissing and licking toys or other objects.

'''iv. Pattern Play'''

Pattern play of children with autism are shown as follows:

• Do not like to play like others his age.

• Do not play in the normal manner, and like twirling or tendency to exaggerate and celebrate toys or whatever it holds.

• Likes to rotate objects like a fan.

• When you love a thing, continue to be held and carried anywhere.

v. Behavior

Behavior of children with autism are as follows:

• Whether or hypo-active hyperactive.

• Perform the same actions or movements and repetitive such wobble, flutter-hand and patting repeatedly hand, walked back and forth, running or walking.

• Do not like the change (from what he was doing).

• Able to sit for long without doing anything and without any reaction.

'''vi. Emotional''' ''Emotions of children with autism are very difficult to predict and the changing. Among them are:''

• Often angry, laugh and cry for no reason, raging without controlled if not obeyed his will or prohibited from he wanted to do something.

• Destroy all that is around it if emotionally disturbed.

• Attacking anyone nearby if emotionally disturbed.

• Sometimes hurting himself.

• No sympathy and no understanding of other people's feelings.

Method of treatment for children with autism:

Intervention for autistic children begins as soon as the problem is detected. Interventions focus initially focused on medical treatment and behavior management. Extensive medical treatment used for autistic children is the use of medication Ritalin to treat attention deficit and hyperactivity. Additionally, intake of vitamin B6 together magnesium can also help raise awareness and focus attention of autistic children.

Include behavior management strategies and techniques used to increase or maintain the target behavior (positive) and reduce or eliminate inappropriate behavior. Among the techniques used are as isolation, time-out, shaping, rewarding, fines, and so on. Although medical treatment is used, but no medications that can cure autism. However, an appropriate educational program and management structure as well as early intervention during childhood may play an important role in helping to develop their potential and function at a later stage in the future. Identify and diagnose autism at an early stage can help provide appropriate services, early intervention also aims to avoid the possibility of placement in a special school.

Early intervention services is very important for autistic children to help reduce the problems they experienced autistic. In addition to medical treatment and behavior management, early intervention services is indeed designed to meet the individual needs of autistic children, including education programs. In the United States in general, intervention programs carried out through cooperation between agencies such as services and technology support services, school nurse, parent training and counseling, nutrition or nutrition services, arts and cultural programs and so on.

Early intervention for children with autism began with the formation of Individualized Family Services Plan (IFSP), which will meet the needs in the area of social skills, self-governance skills, communication, and behavior management. In Malaysia, a program of children with autism interventions implemented through pre-school program. Autistic children will enter school through preschool program will advance to ensure they are ready to be placed in Year One. Here, self-governance skills and behavior management preferred other basic introduction to Malay Language, Religion, Morality, and Mathematics.

Autism is a disability that cannot be cured. However, autistic individuals can be helped through education organized involving various parties and disciplines. Shown behavioral disorders increase their uniqueness compared to other disability categories. That is why early intervention is very important for autistic children so that their problems can be remedied at the earliest before they enter school. Therefore, cooperation between parents and teachers should always close and help each other, especially in providing information regarding their child's teacher so that appropriate educational programs can be designed to take into account the capabilities and needs of the autistic child.

EXPECTATION
Expectations are common and everyone within an organization, including all project teams, expect something from their business unit and counterparts. The expectation that they get from what they do everyday are will give them a good improvement. For instance, PDK want to help the person that they help to improve in their information technology. The worker make knowledge sharing is part as their job. They expect the person that need help will get and accept what the worker gave. Give and take.

However, it is important to balance knowledge-sharing performance objectives with training and communication about how knowledge management benefits the person. With that they can story about themselves, what the problems that they bear and express themselves. When the worker know their problem, they can help the person to handle the problems. So, that person can be able to improve and be confidences to continue their life.

At PDK, with helping that they give to the person, the person can produces a product that can be sell to other people. Many product they can produces. Their expectation can be true with the services and treatment the OKU person.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, parents and society should not marginalize children who have learning problems. They are people who have noticed like a normal child even if they are destined to another since time immemorial has a disability or learning problem. They also need to be addressed and the opportunity to live. We know that sometimes occurs is a misconception of the parents, the teachers nor the community of children that are less advanced in his studies. They are said to be lazy, unmotivated, dumb and busy playing. In addition, the responsibility to help these children not only on the shoulders of the professional or just teachers but also parents need to be concerned and to ensure their children get the attention it deserves and not marginalized. We as a society concerned with the problems faced by children with learning disabilities is to be aware that not all children are able to receive and capture learning as hoped and planned. There are a number of poor children who are not as fortunate as they are to prevent the learning process occurs with good and excellent.

Some adaptation measures should be taken to help children with special needs, it has to refer to all the activities that require them to do this study as a normal child to another. However, they should approach learning differently from a normal child to another. These activities should include everyday things like order a student’s improve their reading and mathematical skills. This condition refers to a way to make homework given by the teacher with a more efficient, while the parents are also trying to increase its efforts in providing support, health care and so on related to their children. To help these children learn, a teacher needs to know the state of their own children, nature, needs and backgrounds. They need to consider how to help students deal with the situation he faced, trigger it to continue to learn, to facilitate the learning process and provides an environment that allows children to practice what they have learned. There are parts of these children can succeed in school and in life if their interest is stimulated and given the opportunity to acquire education together like a normal child to another. They can also control a lot of things led to a simple abstract.