User:Kmeehan0214/Inflammatory cytokine

Inflammatory Cytokines
An  inflammatory cytokine or proinflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule (a cytokine) that is secreted from immune cells like helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, and certain other cell types that promote inflammation. They include interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and play an important role in mediating the innate immune response. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced as a result of and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions, which is thought to play a role in various pathological pain states caused by the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Excessive chronic production of inflammatory cytokines contribute to inflammatory diseases, that have been linked to different diseases, such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Dysregulation has also been linked to depression and other neurological diseases. A balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is necessary to maintain health. Aging and exercise also play a role in the amount of inflammation from the release of proinflammatory cytokines.

Therapies to treat inflammatory diseases include monoclonal antibodies that either neutralize inflammatory cytokines or their receptors.

Definition[edit]
An inflammatory cytokine is a type of cytokine (a signaling molecule) that is secreted from immune cells and certain other cell types that promotes inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells (Th) and activated macrophages. Their key role is involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions. Therapies to treat inflammatory diseases include monoclonal antibodies that either neutralize inflammatory cytokines or their receptors.

Inflammatory cytokines include interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18, IL-33, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma(IFNγ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF).

Function[edit]
Inflammatory cytokines play a role in initiating the inflammatory response and to regulate the host defence against pathogens mediating the innate immune response. '''The inflammatory response require pattern associated molecular patterns (PAMP) to activate pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as toll-like receptors (TLR), nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLR), or mannose binding lectin (MBL). Once activated, an intracellular signaling cascade triggers the transcriptional expression of inflammatory mediators to accelerate inflammation and diapedesis of the effector cells of the innate immune system . These mediators will remove pathogens and infected cells, as well as distinguish self- from non-self molecules following the induction of the adhesion molecules .'''

'''Inflammatory cytokines are pleiotropic and their effects depend on the cell that they are targeting. Different inflammatory cytokines can be redundant and have the same effects or, they can be synergistic and work together to intensify the inflammatory response .'''

Some inflammatory cytokines have additional roles such as acting as growth factors. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α also trigger pathological pain. While IL-1β is released by monocytes and macrophages, it is also present in nociceptive DRG neurons. IL-6 plays a role in neuronal reaction to an injury. TNF-α is a well known proinflammatory cytokine present in neurons and the glia. TNF-α is often involved in different signaling pathways to regulate apoptosis in the cells.[citation needed] Excessive chronic production of inflammatory cytokines contribute to inflammatory diseases. that have been linked to different diseases, such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines have also been linked to depression and other neurological diseases. A balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is necessary to maintain health. Aging and exercise also play a role in the amount of inflammation from the release of proinflammatory cytokines.

Negative impacts[edit]
Due to its proinflammatory action, a proinflammatory cytokine tends to make the disease itself or the symptoms correlated to a disease worse by causing fever, inflammation, tissue destruction, and in some cases, even shock and death. Excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to cause detrimental effects