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Patient participation in shared decision making and artificial intelligence
See also: Shared decision-making and Artificial intelligence in healthcare

Prior to the recent advances in technology, patient participation was limited to shared decision making (SDM), a form of participation that occurred specifically between a patient and their physician in clinical practice. Changes in modern technology now allow computers to play an increasingly important role in healthcare decision making. Examples of artificial intelligence (AI) technology that is being used in healthcare include IBM's Watson Health, which is intended to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of difficult illnesses or disease. One of the Watson's objectives is to highlighting findings developed by Watson's computing skills and access to everyday information and give concrete suggestions that are tailored to the expertise of the physician, type of ailment, and needed level of care. Physicians can use ailment specific programs such as the Watson for Oncology app, which is aimed at the detection and treatment of tumors. Artificial intelligence is being used more frequently in patient participatory healthcare.

Role of entrepreneurship in Patient Participation[edit]
Entrepreneurs have led the challenge to conventional health thinking since Craig Venter took on the NIH with the 1000_Genomes_Project in 2008. Mike Milken, another entrepreneur and stock trader, founded the Santa Monica, California based Milken Institute. Following the institute's inception, Milken launched the Fastercures program, which "brings together patient advocates, researchers, investors and policymakers from every sector of the medical research and development system to eliminate the roadblocks that get in the way of a faster cure." The Fastercures program proposes patient-center improvements and advancements in the modern healthcare arena.

In 2010, the U.S. Government boosted patient participation by launching its own Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. PCORI is striving to systematize its evaluation metrics to prove where results show improvement. PCORI was created by provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. The 501(c) organization has a great deal of scrutiny over funding, specifically when it was revealed PCORI was funded by a new tax originating from the ACA.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare
Once considered the domain of patients and physicians exclusively, shared decision making, also known as SDM, is allowing computers to play an increasingly important role in healthcare decision making as well. These changes specifically look to streamline medical decision making, using a variety of new tools to accomplish this. In particular, IBM's Watson has been deployed to develop streamlined response mechanisms for patients and physicians encountering difficult illnesses or disease. [21] The goal of Watson's IBM within health care may seem widespread but it aims to accomplish concrete objectives. Among these objectives are an emphasis on highlighting findings developed by Watson's computing skills and access to everyday information. A priority is to deliver concrete suggestions that will complement physician expertise and care. Doctors and patients facing rare genetically linked diseases may use the Watson for Oncology app to help. This would require hospitals having access to the program but if they do, then they can access insights and treatment options based on AI.

CafeWell Concierge, an app for Welltok, works directly with self insured customers, to provide insights for healthier lifestyle choices. Patients can receive customized insights from Welltok's app, which uses Watson's computing apparatus, about healthier markets, restaurants, and foods in their area. The goal is to eventually provide more direct access and care to patients and physicians, who can then use the highly insightful advice for their own benefit and at their own discretion.

The role of entrepreneurs in bringing about change
Entrepreneurs have challenged conventional health thinking in modern history. An example would be John Craig Venter's attempt to dislodge the NIH with the 1000 Genomes Project in 2008. Mike Milken, a notorious stock trader, founded an institute in his name. The Milken Institute was founded in 2008 and is based in Santa Monica, California. Following the inception of the Milken Institute, Milken launched the Fastercures program boasting a "science" of patient-input resources.[22] The Fastercures program proposes patient-center improvements and advancements in the modern healthcare arena. Among its 4 stated objectives, "Optimize use of patient data and increase patient engagement in medical research and development." is one of them.

In 2010, the U.S. Government launched its own Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. PCORI is striving to systematize its evaluation metrics to prove where results show improvement. [23] PCORI was created by provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. The 501(c) organization has faced much scrutiny over funding, when it was revealed PCORI was funded by a new tax.References:

Spear, Andrew. "From Cancer to Consumer Tech: A Look Inside IBM's Watson Health Strategy." Fortune, April 5, 2016. http://fortune.com/ibm-watson-health-business-strategy/

Furlow, B (2016). "IBM Watson collaboration aims to improve oncology decision support tools. Report from Miami Breast Cancer Conference, held March 10–13."