User:Koalorka/Sandbox

Test area
426 gr

http://rapidshare.com/files/14732318/CC2.part1.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/32926981/CC2.part2.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/32929066/CC2.part3.rar

Neutrino

F2000
The F2000 is an individual 5.56 mm weapon system, developed at the turn of the 21st century by the Belgian armament manufacturer Fabrique Nationale (FN) in Herstal. The F2000 made its debut in 2001 at the IDEX defense exhibition held in Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates.

The F2000 is a modular weapon system; its main component is a 5.56 mm caliber assault rifle configured in a bullpup layout. This selective fire weapon is a gas-operated design utilizing a short-stroke piston system powered by propellant gases channeled through a vent in the barrel; it fires from a closed bolt position. The weapon is locked with a rotary bolt which features 7 radial locking lugs, a spring-powered extractor and ejector.

The weapon consist of two main assemblies: the barrel and receiver housing, connected together with a latch, located above the oversized trigger guard. The top surface of the barrel group is equipped with a Picatinny rail (MIL-STD-1913) used to mount optical sights. The receiver housing contains the trigger group, the bolt and bolt carrier assembly, return mechanism and magazine well. A removable handguard is installed ahead of the trigger, which completes and encloses the trigger guard. The manufacturer offers other handguard pieces with tactical laser pointers and halogen flashlights. A grenade launcher module can also be fitted, replacing the standard handguard.

The F2000 is hammer-fired and has a trigger mechanism with a fire selector unit borrowed from the P90 submachine gun; the selector toggle is a rotating disc, located under the trigger. The fire selector doubles as the weapon’s manual safety mechanism that secures the firearm against accidental discharge (the selector/safety disc has 3 settings: “S” – safe, “1” – semi-automatic mode, “A” -  fully automatic fire). The “safe” setting disables the trigger.

The weapon uses a unique ejection system, ejecting spent cartridge casings forward and to the right side of the weapon – alongside the barrel. This method of ejection provides for fully ambidextrous operation; the rifle can be used without any modification by both right and left-handed shooters. This ejection pattern was achieved by using a swiveling tray, which receives the empty casing - held in the bolt head by the extractor - from the bolt upon its return forward immediately after disengaging from the extractor. The casing is fed into the ejector tray located in the receiver housing, which then rotates the cartridge case and passes it into a chute (on the right side of the barrel) from which it is ejected by being impacted by a pin on the moving bolt carrier. This system is patent protected (patent number 5675924 dated 14.10.1997 by Rene Predazzer and patent 6389725 from 25.02.2000, author – Ch. Denuit).

The F2000 is fed from standard NATO box magazines with a 30-round cartridge capacity using 5.56x45mm ammunition. The magazine catch button was installed symmetrically in the pistol grip, in front of the magazine; the cocking handle is placed on the left side of the receiver.

The rifle’s barrel has a flash suppressor with an angled cut at the front, which directs the muzzle blast upward, compensating for muzzle rise. Optionally, the barrel can be fitted with a bayonet lug support. The weapon’s primary sight is an integrated telescopic sight with a fixed 1.6x magnification (the reticle also enables use in low-light conditions), the secondary sight is a non-adjustable fixed notch and front blade, integrated into the optical sight housing cover.

One of the modules developed for the F2000 system is a proprietary lightweight 40 mm under-slung grenade launcher (empty weight - 1 kg) that uses standard low-velocity 40x46mmSR grenades. The launcher is a single-fire breech-loaded weapon with a barrel that slides forward for loading and unloading (like the M203 grenade launcher), locked by the rotating barrel. The weapon’s trigger was installed in the guard so that it can be manipulated without removing the shooting hand from the rifle’s pistol grip. The breech release button is found on the left side of the launcher’s body, like on the M203. The grenade launcher attachment can be equipped with basic iron sights, but it was intended to be used with a specially-designed optronic fire control system called FCS, developed by the Finnish company Noptel. The aiming module is installed in place of the optical sight and becomes the weapon’s primary sight when mounted. The module is powered by a 9V battery, located inside the receiver housing, behind the magazine well. The FCS contains a laser rangefinder (precise within +/- 1 m), a day-time aiming channel with an electronically projected reticle, a measured range display reading and a diode elevation adjustment indicator. The fire control system calculates the barrel’s angle of elevation using target range information from the laser rangefinder (the rangefinder is activated by pushing a button on the pistol grip, under the trigger), corrected manually by the shooter through a push-button interface on the FCS top cover and also takes into account the type of bullet fired.

After measurement, the range is displayed on a liquid crystal screen and the elevation diode flashes red. Once the barrel’s elevation has been properly set, the diode changes color to green. Additional signaling diodes have been installed on the top of the FCS unit, enabling accurate firing from the hip.

A 3-shot grenade launcher is also being developed for the weapon (in 40 mm). The rifle can also be adapted for police operations by using under-slung modules with a 12-guage 5-shot shotgun or a 12-gauge XM303 pneumatic shotgun. A module with a 20 mm grenade launcher is also planned (using 20x28mm ammunition from the OICW program) with an integrated FCS unit.

BAR M1918
The BAR is a family of American 7.62 mm automatic rifles (or machine rifles) and light machine guns used by the United States and numerous other countries during the 20th century. The primary variant of the BAR series (short for Browning Automatic Rifle) is the M1918, chambered for the .30-06 Springfield (7.62x63mm) rifle cartridge and designed by John Browning in 1917 for the U.S. Expeditionary Corps in Europe as a replacement for (and improvement on) the French-made Chauchat and Hotchkiss M1909 machine guns. The BAR was originally intended as a light automatic rifle, but spent much of its service life in various guises used in the light machine gun role with a bipod. The original M1918 version was and remains the lightest machine gun to fire the .30-06 Springfield cartridge, though the limited capacity of its standard 20-round magazine tended to hamper its utility as a light machine gun. The first development prototype of the weapon was presented to a U.S. Army committee in February 1917, testing was then conducted at Springfield Armory in May 1917 and on 16 July 1917 the US Ordnance Department ordered 12,000 weapons from Colt’s Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company designated BMR (short for Browning Machine Rifle).

In order to avoid confusion with the belt-fed 7.62 mm Browning M1917 heavy machine gun, the BAR came to be known as the M1918. Around this time, John Browning modified the weapon by changing the BAR’s ejection pattern (to the right side of the weapon – instead of straight up). Between 1918 and 1919 102,174 BARs had been manufactured jointly by Colt’s (prime contractor), Winchester Repeating Arms Company (WRAC) and Marlin-Rockwell Corporation. The weapon’s unique design was patent protected in the USA by patent number 1293022 dated from 1919, owned by Colt’s company.

The M1918 is a selective fire, air-cooled automatic rifle using a gas-operated long-stroking piston rod actuated by propellant gases bled through a vent in the barrel and locked with a tilting breechblock; it fires from an open bolt. The spring-powered cartridge casing extractor is contained in the bolt and a fixed ejector is installed in the trigger group. The BAR is striker fired (the bolt carrier serves as the striker) and uses a trigger mechanism with a fire selector lever that enables operating in either semi-automatic or fully automatic firing modes. The selector lever is located on the left side of the receiver and is simultaneously the manual safety (selector lever in the “S” position – weapon is safe, “F” – single fire, “A” – continuous fire). The “safe” setting disables the trigger. The weapon’s barrel is screwed into the receiver and is not quickly detachable. The M1918 feeds using double-column 20-round box magazines, although 40-round magazines were also used in an anti-aircraft role; these were withdrawn from use in 1927. The M1918 has a cylindrical flash suppressor fitted to the muzzle end. The weapon was equipped with a fixed wooden buttstock and closed-type adjustable iron sights, consisting of a forward post and a rear leaf sight with 100 to 1,500 yard range adjustments. Bayonets for the BAR were not manufactured in great quantity and are thus extremely rare. They consisted of a spike form with a slat on the top side, attaching to the bottom of the barrel in the conventional fashion. During its lengthy service life, the BAR underwent continuous development, receiving many improvements and modifications. The first series of improvements resulted in the M1922 light machine gun, adopted by the U.S. Cavalry in 1922. The weapon uses a new heavy profile ribbed barrel, an adjustable spiked bipod (mounted to a swiveling collar on the barrel) with a rear, stock-mounted monopod, a side-mounted sling swivel and a new rear endplate, fixed to the stock retaining sleeve. Additionally the handguard and sights were changed.

The second significant modification of the M1918 was intended to increase the weapon’s effectiveness and controllability firing in bursts and took place in 1937, which saw the introduction of the M1918A1 into U.S. Army inventories. Compared to the original M1918, the newer model includes a lightweight spiked bipod attached to the gas cylinder with a leg height adjustment feature and a new hinged steel butt plate. Relatively few M1918s were rebuilt to the new M1918A1 standard.

The third major enhancement of the M1918 was done in 1941, resulting in the new M1918A2 being accepted into service. One of the most important aspects of this modification involved removal of the semi-automatic firing capabilities of the weapon and using a rate-reducing buffer mechanism, activated by engaging the “F” position on the selector toggle. Furthermore, a new skid-footed bipod was fitted to the muzzle end of the barrel, a small monopod was hinged from and folded into the butt, the sighting system and handguard were both modified, and the weapon's role was changed to that of a squad light machine gun. In 1942, a fiberglass buttstock replaced the wood version, and late in the war, a barrel-mounted carrying handle was added. Initially, M1918A2s were obtained by converting older M1918 rifles (remaining in surplus) and a limited number of M1922s and M1918A1s, later their production was undertaken at the New England Small Arms Corp. and International Business Machines Corp. (a total of 168,000 new weapons were manufactured). During the Korean War production was again launched, this time contracted to the Royal McBee Typewriter Co. responsible for a further 61,000 M1918A2 light machine guns.

The M1918A2 is an automatic weapon which uses a trigger and fire control mechanism that permits fully automatic fire only but with two variable rates of fire: a normal rate (500–650 rounds/min) and a reduced rate (300–450 rounds/min), achieved by engaging a device which reduces the weapon’s cyclic rate of fire, installed inside the buttstock (together with the buffer). The safety and fire selector lever is placed on the left side of the trigger group and has three positions: “S” – weapon safe, “F” – automatic fire with a mechanically reduced rate and “A” – continuous fire at the normal cyclic rate. The weapon’s barrel has a new slotted flash suppressor (introduced during the Korean War), an adjustable bipod, a fixed stock with a folding shoulder stop, carry handle and fully adjustable iron sights, with a post foresight and a leaf rear sight (can be adjusted with windage and elevation corrections) with an elevation ladder graduated from 100 to 1,600 yards and a notch for immediate firing up to 300 yards.

The BAR family of light machine guns also found a ready market overseas and were widely exported. In 1919, the Colt’s company developed and produced a commercial variant called the Automatic Machine Rifle Model 1919 (company designation: Model U), which has a different return mechanism compared to the M1918 (it is installed in the stock rather than the gas tube) and lacks a flash hider. Later the Model 1924 rifle was offered for a short period of time, featuring a pistol grip and a redesigned handguard. However, the following Model 1925 (R75) would achieve the highest popularity in export sales. It is based on the Model 1924 but uses a heavy, finned barrel, a lightweight bipod and is equipped with dust covers in the magazine well and ejection port (some of these features were patented: refer to US patents 1548709 and 1533968). The Model 1925 was produced in various calibers, including .30-06 Springfield (7.62x63mm), 7.65x53mm, 7x57mm, 6.5x55mm, 7.92x57mm Mauser and .303 British (7.7x56mmR). A minor variant of the Model 1925 (R75) was the R75A light machine gun with a quick-change barrel (produced in 1924 in small quantities for the Dutch Army) and the Model Monitor (R80) rifle, which was adopted by various US security services (including the FBI) in 1931. The R80 lacks a bipod and uses a lightweight receiver and a lightweight short barrel (458 mm length) fitted with a Cutts compensator.

In 1920 the Belgian arms manufacturer Fabrique Nationale (FN) acquired sales and production rights to the BAR series of firearms in Europe from Colt’s. The first BAR model sold by FN was the Kg m/21 (Kg – Kulsprutegevär – “machine rifle”) chambered for the 6.5x55mm m/94 cartridge. The m/21 is a variant of the Model 1919 designed to Swedish specifications and manufactured initially by Colt’s and later under license at the Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori in Eskilstuna. Compared to the Model 1919, the Swedish weapon has – apart from the different caliber – a spiked bipod and pistol grip. The m/21 would become one of Sweden’s main support weapons in the interwar years together with the water-cooled belt-fed Ksp m/1914 medium machine gun (Swedish adaptation of the Austrian M07/12). Dissatisfied with the rapidly overheating fixed barrel of the m/21, Carl Gustaf began to design a new quick-detach mechanism for the barrel which mates the externally grooved chamber to a series of rotating flanges in the receiver operated by a locking lever. The barrel also received cooling fins throughout its entire length. These enhancements were incorporated into the fm/1935 prototype trialed successfully in 1935, which in turn led to the m/37 variant that lacks the finned barrel, selected into service in 1937 and remaining in first-line use until 1980. Carl Gustaf also developed a belt-fed version of the weapon; however it was never adopted.

Production of the BAR in Belgium began only after signing an agreement with Poland (on December 10 1927) involving the procurement of 10,000 wz. 1928 light machine guns chambered in 7.92x57mm Mauser, which are similar to the R75 variant but designed specifically to meet the requirements of the Polish Army. Changes to the base design include a pistol grip, different type of bipod, open-type V-notch rear sight and a longer barrel. Subsequent rifles were assembled locally in Poland under license by the State Rifle Factory (Państwowa Fabryka Karabinów) in Warsaw. The wz. 1928 was accepted into service with the Polish Army in 1927 under the formal name 7,92 mm rkm Browning wz. 1928 (“7.92 mm Browning hand-held machine gun model 1928”) and - until the outbreak of World War II – was the primary light support weapon of Polish infantry and cavalry formations (in 1939 Poland had a total of approx. 20,000 wz. 1928 rifles in service). Additional detail modifications were introduced on the production line. Among them was the replacement of the iron sights with a smaller version and reshaping the butt to a fish tail.

Based on the wz. 1928 a variant known as the FN Mle 1930 was developed in 7.65 mm and adopted by the Belgian Army. This model has a different gas valve; it too uses a rate-reducing fire control mechanism. The weapon also has a hinged shoulder plate and is adapted for use on a tripod mount. In 1932 Belgium adopted a new version of the FN Mle 1930 allocated the service designation FN Mle D (D – Demontable or “removable”) which has a quick-change barrel, shoulder rest and a simplified take-down method for eased cleaning and maintenance. The Mle D was produced even after World War II in versions adapted for .30-06 and NATO-standard 7.62x51mm ammunition.

M1 carbine
The M1 is a 7.62 mm carbine, developed by the American Winchester Repeating Arms Company (WRAC) from New Haven, Connecticut. The weapon was drawn from a competition for a light semi-automatic carbine that would partially replace the M1911A1 pistol and M1928A1 submachine gun (both are .45-caliber weapons) in rear echelon and support units. According to the design requirements formulated in October 1940, the new firearm was to chamber an intermediate cartridge effective out to 300 yards (adapted from the commercial .32 SL cartridge or 7.65x33mmSR), feed from 5, 10, 20 and 50-round magazines and have a combined total weight (with sling) of no more than 2.5 kg.

The carbine was designed by a group of engineers under the guidance of E. Pagsley (the design team consisted of engineers Clarkson, Humeston, Roemer and Williams) and is a based on a prototype rifle developed in .30-06 (7.62x63mm) Springfield for the United States Marine Corps specification semi-automatic battle rifle. This prototype used a receiver and locking mechanism modeled on John Garand’s M1 rifle and a gas system developed by D. Williams. The weapon was accepted into U.S. service on October 22nd 1941 under the official designation Carbine, Caliber .30, M1, its corresponding .30-caliber (7.62x33mm) cartridge was adopted eight days later as the Cartridge, Carbine Caliber .30, M1 under U.S. Army nomenclature. The first contract for 350,000 carbines was signed on the 24th of November 1941. Due to Winchester’s limited production capacity, production rights to the weapon were acquired from WRAC by the U.S. government and manufacturing was then transferred to the following companies: Inland Manufacturing Division (the primary contractor), Underwood Elliot Fisher Company, Quality HMC, Rock-Ola Manufacturing Corporation, Saginaw Steering Gear Division, National Postal Meter Company, Standard Products Company and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Over 5,5 million M1’s were produced until August 1945. Outside of the United States, the M1 was also used by Western European countries (received as postwar military aid) and certain Third World nations were they are used to this very day. The M1 is also a popular law enforcement and sporting carbine.

The M1 is an air-cooled semi-automatic gas-operated weapon using expanding propellant gases from the barrel directed through a port and acting on a short-stroke piston rod contained in a gas cylinder under the barrel which travels 3.5 mm before the exhaust gases are dispersed. The weapon is locked with a rotary bolt which contains two symmetrical locking lugs (on the bolt head) that engage locking recesses in the receiver’s frame. The bolt’s rotation along its longitudinal axis is the result of interaction of a cam pin on the bolt head with an angled camming guide in the bolt carrier. The bolt also houses a spring-loaded casing extractor and ejector. The detachable trigger group contains the hammer, the trigger mechanism (with disconnector) for semi-automatic fire and a lever-type manual safety mechanism which disables the trigger when engaged.

The M1 is fed from a double-column metal box magazine with a 15-round capacity.

The weapon has mechanically adjustable iron sights (closed peep-type) with a flip rear sight with 300 and 500 yard range settings and a wooden stock. The barrel can accommodate an M8 adaptor guide used to launch rifle grenades. The M1 carbine was modified throughout its service life, it received a new aperture sight with an elevation adjustment feature (has settings 1, 2, 2.5 and 3, corresponding to firing ranges for 100, 200, 250 and 300 yards), a new stock support with a bayonet lug for the M4 bayonet (1944) and a lever-type safety switch (1945).

On the 12th of May 1942 a new version of the M1 was accepted into service; the new carbine, designated M1A1 was issued to American parachute infantry (designed by P. Hamisch from Inland). The weapon received a new stock with a pistol grip and side-folding (to the right side of the receiver) wire shoulder stock. The M1A1 cannot launch rifle grenades. A total of 140,000 M1A1 carbines were manufactured at Inland between October 1942 and the end of 1944. The M1 was also the basis for the select-fire M2 and M3 carbines.

The M2 carbine was developed by Inland Manufacturing Division from Dayton, Ohio (a part of the General Motors Corporation) to satisfy a U.S. Army requirement for a fully-automatic version of the M1 carbine. Work on this new version began in May 1944 under the stipulation that the new weapon should use parts and assemblies from already existing carbines. Development was undertaken simultaneously at Inland, Winchester and Springfield Armory, but only Inland’s prototype (model T4, protected by patent 2465487) was approved for production on the 26th of October 1944, designed by F. Sampson and P. Hamisch and accepted into service as the Carbine, Caliber .30, M2. Overall production of this variant totaled 520,000 units when production ceased in August 1945.

The M2, compared to the M1, has a modified trigger mechanism and bolt carrier as well as a magazine with double the capacity of the M1. The M2’s trigger unit has a lever-type fire selector switch and a separate manual safety lever which disables the trigger. The fire mode selector head protrudes beyond a cut-out in the weapon’s stock on the left side of the receiver. Pushing the lever forward enables automatic fire, retracting it to the back – single fire. Engaging the automatic lever activates a sear mechanism, which releases the hammer every time the bolt carrier reaches its forward position.

A series of parts were developed to convert the M1 carbine into the M2 configuration – known as the M17 adaptor kit. A further development of the M2 is the M3 selective fire carbine, which replaces the standard rear sight with a mount for the M2 Sniperscope active night sight. The weapon also has a conical flash suppressor optimized for use with the light-sensitive night sight. The weapon was accepted into U.S. Army service on the 16th of August 1945. M3s were created by converting existing M1 and M2 carbines.