User:Kober/sandbox/Prehistory of Georgia2

Scythians

 * Within this perspective, during the 8th century BC the Northern Caucasus region is characterized by one of the most important and oldest Scythian cultural group, whereas the Southern Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia seem affected by different dynamics, only being characterized by smaller, sporadic and less monumental evidence of Scythian nature. The possible presence of Scythian pastoral groups in this area is presumably related to their movement towards Near East and eastern Europe between 8th and 7th century BC. https://camnes.org/constructing-kurgans-workshop

Post-Achaemenid Iberia

 * V. Licheli. 2007. “Hellenism and Ancient Georgia.” In Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea, edited by D.V. Grammenos and E.K. Petropoulos, 2:1083–1142. BAR International Series 1675. Oxford: BAR.
 * nielsen_inge_ed_the_royal_palace_institution_in_the_first_millenium BC
 * https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/anatv_1013-9559_2010_act_21_1_1195.pdf Hellenistic Amphorae in Caucasian Iberia : attributes of trade route
 * https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1983_act_67_1_2455 The Greco-Roman World and Ancient Georgia (Colchis and Iberia)
 * Licheli - GREEKS (HELLENISM) IN THE HINTERLAND OF GEORGIA
 * Knauss 2006 - ANCIENT PERSIA AND THE CAUCASUS
 * 2014_Some_remarks_on_the_first_two_Georg     ...Khovle-Gora
 * Variants of Triangle Ware have been found over a very wide area from Pasargadae in southwestern Iran to burials in Georgia.64 Dating this ware is still problematic, but the evidence from Jameh Shuran and Cimin Tepe suggests that it began in the Late Achaemenid period.65 The presence of the ware on the surface of Hellenistic sites near Miyaneh, Iran,and at Ruyan Duyah, Iran (near Ardabil),66 as well as in well-dated fourth-century contexts in Georgia, indicates that it continued well into the Hellenistic/Parthian periods. 65=Narimanišvili, G. 2000. “Die Keramik Kartlis (Iberiens) achaimenidischer und post-achaimenidischer Zeit.” Amiran 32:227–42
 * Licheli, V. (2020). The Second Stage of the Grakliani Culture. In: N. Sekunda, ed., Wonders Lost and Found. A Celebration of the Archaeological Work of Professor Michael Vickers. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 48-58.

Colchis

 * Greek knowledge of Colchis is attested by 700 BC in the poetry attributed to Eumelus and Hesiod. According to archaeological evidence and later literary sources Colchis was settled by Greeks about 550 BC. From the 4th century BC Greek texts mention the towns of Dioscurias, Gyenos, and Phasis as Hellenic communities. In particular, Dioscurias and Phasis are said to have been founded by Greeks from Miletus, in the latter case led by one Themistagoras. The archaeological evidence also points to a significant Greek presence elsewhere on the coast of Colchis, at Eshera (north of Sukhumi), at Pichvnari (near Kobuleti), at Tsikhisdziri, and perhaps in the environs of Batumi.
 * https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004223882/B9789004223882_022.xml Synope – main trading partner of SW Colchis
 * Sinope and Colchis: colonisation, or a Greek populationin ‘ poleis barbaron’? https://www.academia.edu/19782310/Sinope_and_Colchis_colonisation_or_a_Greek_population_in_poleis_barbaron_

Language

 * Inclusion of Kartvelian in the hypothetical linguistic macrofamilies such as Nostratic or Eurasiatic, with a putative ancestral language going back to around 12,000 BC, has also been controversial. Allan R. Bomhard places the Nostratic proto-language in the Fertile Crescent, meaning that its Kartvelian division had to make “the short jump” to reach its homeland in the South Caucasus.