User:Kravneet/sandbox

Overall I found the Human migration article to be reasonably informative. In reading it, my biggest concern was the accuracy of the information in 2018. Though the page was last edited this week, the statistics provided seem to date three to five years back. Having read Massey, I do feel the number of theories listed is not through, and could use more outlining as the contributors of each theory were not mentioned in the article directly. Although most of the links work, I found https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/raem [21] was not in service and the link to the 90 page report for [11] gcim.org a bit tough to navigate through. Some of the claims made in the article lacked clear sources i.e. in the claim "The top ten migration corridors worldwide are" no source was cited, and I felt points such as "The modern field of climate history suggests that the successive waves of Eurasian nomadic movement throughout history have had their origins in climatic cycles, which have expanded or contracted pastureland in Central Asia, especially Mongolia and the Altai" could have used more justification. Since migration is such a huge topic, especially in modern day administrations here in the US, I did feel the article could have been through. Biases were not noted in statements such as "Often a distinction is made..." and " This view of international trade is controversial..." (by whom?). Though I did not find anything to not be fully relevant, seemingly random statics, such as the mention of Turkish migration and politics after general push and pull factors of a theory seemed a bit out of place and was distracting. In our class, I've found the organization and structure of immigration, especially immigration theories, to make more sense. Though the theories listed on the page are relevant, as stated earlier I did not find them to be very helpful in their explanations and questioned who picked what theories: as leaving out certain theories could prove to be a form of bias, which makes me think the article is not completely neutral. My feelings about the article were validated upon reading the 'talk page' of the article, where many express the same concerns of the article's structure and content being a bit outdated and not completely clear. I fully echo the sentiment that even though the article may not be in it's prime state, it's an important one to keep up on Wikipedia, being that it's also part of several wiki projects.

The article I want to further edit and expand on is Colonial India. Some of the dates and information listed did not match the date I found, and I could further add my research and create a section which discusses migration of Indians to the respective countries that colonized it [in terms of full influence and socio-economic factors that have allowed Indians to thrive (or not)].

Colonial India:

Statement made: The colonial era in India began in 1502, when the Portuguese Empire established the first European trading centre at Kollam, Kerala.

False.

Updated: Though Portugal presence in India initially started in 1498, it’s colonial rule ranges from 1505 to 1961.

Lack of citation in: In 1510 Albuquerque conquered the city of Goa, which had been controlled by Muslims. He inaugurated the policy of marrying Portuguese soldiers and sailors with local Indian girls, the consequence of which was a great miscegenation in Goa and other Portuguese territories in Asia.

Found article and cited it as: In 1510 Albuquerque conquered the city of Goa, which had been controlled by Muslims. He inaugurated the policy of marrying Portuguese soldiers and sailors with local Indian girls, the consequence of which was a great miscegenation in Goa and other Portuguese territories in Asia.

Lack of citation in:The Portuguese established a chain of outposts along India's west coast and on the island of Ceylon in the early 16th century. They built the St. Angelo Fort at Kannur to guard their possessions in North Malabar.

Found article and cited it as: The Portuguese established a chain of outposts along India's west coast and on the island of Ceylon in the early 16th century. They built the St. Angelo Fort at Kannur to guard their possessions in North Malabar

Lack of citation In: This led to the marriage of Princess Catherine of Portugal to Charles II of England, who imposed a dowry that included the insular and less inhabited areas of southern Bombay while the Portuguese managed to retain all the mainland territory north of Bandra up to Thana and Bassein.

Found source and cited it as: This led to the marriage of Princess Catherine of Portugal to Charles II of England, who imposed a dowry that included the insular and less inhabited areas of southern Bombay while the Portuguese managed to retain all the mainland territory north of Bandra up to Thana and Bassein.

In the Portugal section added in (from essay):

Indian Migration to Portugal:

Being that Portugal was first European Country to set up their trading docks, one would expect that a significant percent of the migrants in Portugal to be Indian. In 2008, the total population in Portugal was 10.6 million, with 0.66% of the total legal immigrant population being of Indian Origin. Indians were initially brought into Portugal as slaves before the fall of the Portuguese Imperial empire. The social profile of Indians in Portugal can be broken down into different states of origin. Portugal consists of Indians who emigrated from both of it’s former colonies in Mozambique, located in Africa, and in Goa, which is located in India. As folks from Gujarat came following the end of Portuguese rule, in 1974, they were able to assimilate into the Portuguese culture and keep their culture values. Keeping their culture and language alive created a community network for others from the same state. This helped created ties to “newer stream of Gujaratis who came in the 1980’s and 1990’s directly from India”. The Goans that came from both Goa and Mozambique after the end of the Portuguese rule, both had good fortune in being well integrated both politically and socio-economically. Socioeconomically, “according to the High Level Committee Report on the Indian Diaspora (Singhvi et al., 2001) most Indians in Portugal are in retail or the wholesale business and some serve as skilled or unskilled workers”. In addition, many Indians also occupy white collar jobs. While some wield considerable social and economic power, others are economically disadvantaged, even depending on Portuguese state protection.” Recently cases of illegal immigration from India through other European countries also increased, these immigrants working as unskilled or semi-skilled labour.” Being that Portuguese Immigration Laws were lax for the ex-colonizes and the EU’s funding to allow growth in the construction industry, many people from Punjab have emigrated over after 1996. Overall emigration to Portugal from India, though is always rising, comparatively is very low. According to the Migration Policy Institute, as of 2015 Portugal has 837,000 immigrants, 8,000 of which are Indian. Being that less .10% (.96%) of immigrants in Portugal are India, it seems that even after the long standing colonial ties, Portugal is not a popular destination for Indian immigrants. No data was found on the average salary of the Indian workforce in Portugal.

Added in information from my essay into the Dutch part of the article:

Indian Migration to Netherlands:

The two century of Dutch rule in India would lead one to believe that there would be a strong reflection of Indians in the Netherland’s current population. As of 2001, the Non Residential Indian/Persons of Indian Origin community along with the Indian Embassy has estimated there to be 220,000 people of Indian descent to be in the Netherlands. The majority of Indians live in the Capital, Amsterdam and it’s neighboring city, Amstelveen. According to the Central Bureau for Statistics in 2016, the total population of the Netherlands was 16,979,120 with the total number of legal immigrants being 3,752,291, while 32,682 were of Indian Origin. The total Indian population seems to fall short, surprisingly the “Netherlands [has] the second largest population of people of Indian origin in Europe. The spike in population from 2004 onward can be attributed to new labor policies in the Netherlands were meant to recruit  “highly-qualified employees with a background in information technology, consultancy, engineering, management, etc”, as well as the growth of the communal network through the presence of a fast growing number of Indian companies in the region.

As of 2015, The Migration Policy Institute states that out of the 1,979,000 immigrants in the Netherlands, 23,000 are Indian. This means that 1.2% of immigrants in the Netherlands are Indian. Socioeconomically, when compared to other immigrant groups in the Netherlands, Indian immigrants have made significant social and economic progress and have rendered more success when compared to other immigrant groups. Socioeconomically “the overall level of education statistical data from the CBS reveal that the second generation of Hindustanis (35 and older) have been doing better than the previous generation and slightly better than the Afro-Surinamese. At present, 60% of Hindustani men and 57% of women in the age-group 15 to 64 are in employment. Predictably, the (level of) their employment depends on their educational background. In 1998, approximately one quarter of working Hindustanis were in the public sector, 11% worked in the non-profit sector, and 63% in the private sector (Choenni 2003). According to Choenni, an increasing number of Hindustanis are active as entrepreneurs in a wide variety of shops, restaurants, etc. The participation of so-called non-western immigrants in higher education has increased significantly amongst the second generation.(CBS 2010, 10). ” Compared to the average worker in the Netherlands, highly-skilled migrants who come to the Netherlands to be employed have a gross annual income in between or €36,801to €50,183, as compared to the average €36,500 of a non migrant worker.

No citation for:Conservative elements in England consider the independence of India to be the moment that the British Empire ceased to be a world power, following Curzon's dictum that, "[w]hile we hold on to India, we are a first-rate power. If we lose India, we will decline to a third-rate power."

Added citation: Conservative elements in England consider the independence of India to be the moment that the British Empire ceased to be a world power, following Curzon's dictum that, "[w]hile we hold on to India, we are a first-rate power. If we lose India, we will decline to a third-rate power."

Added: Indians In modern Day UK:

According to the Migration Policy Institute, as of 2015, the UK has 8,543,000 immigrants, out of which 777,000 were Indian. There is an overall upward trend in Indian the number of Indian Citizens in the United Kingdom.

In the 20th century the highest migration to the United Kingdom was to England from 1955-1975 with one of the district housing 13,000 Indians: 46% of whom were from Punjab, 43.3% were from Gujarat. When surveys about reasons for migration, Over 50% of both Punjabis and Gujaratis said they were attracted by economic, and status based factors. The labor shortages in the UK were key in migration opportunities for many Indians: who served in the British army from 1857 eventually took up positions in the police and army sector; many also found work in the “manufacturing, textile, and service” industries. In terms of pay the median household income of white Britons stood at between £25,600 and £27,000, while the median for the Indian community stood at around £25,300.

Added Section: Indian Migration to France:

Indian Migration To France:

When looking at France, one would assume it’s 274 year presence in India to also play a significant role which would pave the way for migration from India. According to the Migration Policy Institute, there are 48,000 Indians in France out of the 7,748,000 immigrants already, constituting a .62% to the overall immigration population.

Indian migration was first introduced into France when the French hired Indians as servants. Soon after, a 1681 law pushed for non-white arrivals in France to be declared; dating the first definite record of an Indian living in France to be in 1724. A 1777 census indicated that there were around 200 Indians living in France during that time; by 1850 most labors came from British India. From 1914 to 1949 “some Punjabi and Gujarati businessmen continued to arrive in Paris, trading in specialist industries and luxury goods and throughout this period there continued to be a steady though very small stream of students… and skilled workers [who] expatriates in transnational corporations.” Socioeconomically Indians, seem to be employed in less secure occupations, sometimes working illegally in factories, yet after a certain period have managed to set themselves up in businesses with the support of community networks. In terms of demographics in “2009 there were 31,142 people who were born in India that were living in France [while] roughly half had adopted a French Citizenship.”

France’s migration policy history has been linked to economic labor needs, as seen in the European Countries discussed prior. Socio-economically for those in “France who have retained Indian nationality there is overall an 83% rate of employment, meaning around 17% of Indians in France with Indian nationality are unemployed, a fairly high rate. For the unrecorded part of the French-Indian population, perhaps over 50,000 people, no employment data is available. "

Though I was able to contribute information to this wiki page, I'm considering just starting a new one that encompasses the overall theme of my essay: it's a lot of complied information that I feel the public could benefit from.

France: (edited)