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Charles J. Krebs
Charles J. Krebs is a population ecologist and a retired professor of zoology at the University of British Colombia. He was born on September 17, 1936 in St. Louis, Missouri and currently resides in the Mayne Island of British Colombia. He is married to Alice J. Kenney and has two children by the names of John and Elise. He is well known for numerous publications, and especially for writing the book, Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance.

Since 1999, he has been collecting data for community dynamics with the Swedish Tundra Northwest Expedition in arctic Canada. He continues to study population dynamics and genetics of voles, mice, and snowshoe hares at Kluane Lake.

Early Years
Youth Charles “Charley” Krebs grew up in a small town in Illinois fishing for catfish in local rivers with his grandfather. These fishing trips helped place the stepping-stones for Charley’s admiration for the outdoors, especially the Canadian Arctic. As a teen, Krebs worked at a St. Louis fur-trading company. The company would send young Krebs to the Bering Sea, near the west coast of Canada by the northern islands, to collect seals. His adventures in the arctic enabled him to appreciate wildlife and propelled him to pursue a degree in science.

Education After attaining his Bachelors of Science (BSc) degree from the University of Minnesota in 1957, Krebs went to study under his mentor Dennis Chitty, who is the world expert on lemmings, at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. There he attained his Masters of Arts in 1959 and his doctorate in 1962, both in animal ecology. From 1962-1964, Krebs was enrolled in the Miller Postdoctoral Fellowship Program in Berkley, California.

Career
Krebs started his teaching career in 1964 as an assistant professor of zoology at the University of Indiana. Six years later he returned to Vancouver to join the faculty of the University of British Columbia as a professor of zoology. In 2002, Krebs retired from teaching to follow his first passion of studying wildlife. Now he spends half his winter in Australia and the other half in Yukon, Canada doing research. In 1959, Krebs and his team have done extensive research on what drives vole and lemming cycles. To determine what factors are crucial to population fluctuations, his team has performed series of field experiments on the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), Townsend's vole (Microtus townsendii), and the creeping vole (Microtus oregoni) populations around Vancouver. Krebs, in 1976 began a ten-year cycle of snowshoe hares at Kluane Lake. His work on the lemming populations continued again in 1987 until his retirement in 2002. Post retirement, he started and completed his work with the CSIRO Rodent Research Group in Canberra, Australia on the causes of house mouse outbreaks in the wheat growing areas of southeastern Australia and joined the Swedish Tundra Northwest Expedition in the Canadian arctic and began to assemble data on community dynamics in arctic Canada. Today he continues doing research on population dynamics of snowshoe hares, mice and voles at Kluane Lake.

Awards, Honors, and Distinction:

 * Wildlife Society, Terrestrial Publication of the Year award, 1965


 * Fellow, Royal Society of Canada, 1979


 * Killam Senior Fellowship, 1985


 * President’s Medal, University of Helsinki, 1986


 * Honorary doctorate, University of Lund, 1988


 * Sir Frederick McMaster Senior Fellowship, CSIRO, Australia, 1992


 * C. Hart Merriam Award, American Society of Mammalogists, 1994


 * Fry Medal, Canadian Society of Zoologists, 1996

Professional Highlights and Accomplishments:
Degrees:


 * BSc (Biology) University of Minnesota, 1957


 * MA (Animal Ecology) UBC, 1959


 * PhD (Animal Ecology) UBC, 1962

Books Published:
•	The Message of Ecology 1988

•	Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States 2000

•	Ecosystem Dynamics of the Boreal Forest: The Kluane Project 2001

•	Ecological Methology 1999

•	The Ecological World View 2008

•	Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance 2009

Journal Articles:
•	“Population dynamics of the Mackenzie Delta reindeer herd, 1938-1958” Arctic 1961

•	“Growth studies of reindeer fawns” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1962

•	“Lemming cycle at Baker Lake, Canada, during 1959-62” Science 1963

•	“Spring and summer phenology at Baker Lake, Keewatin, N.W.T. during 1959-62” Canadian Field-Naturalist 1964

•	“Cyclic variation in skull-body regressions of lemmings” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1964

•	“The lemming cycle at Baker Lake, Northwest Territories, during 1959-62” Arctic Institute of North America 1964

•	“A Microtus population with supplemental food” Journal of Mammalogy 1965

•	“Demographic changes in fluctuating populations of Microtus californicus” Ecological Monographs 1966

•	“Food supply of overwintered voles” Journal of Animal Ecology 1968

•	“Microtus population biology: demographic changes in fluctuating populations of M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus in southern Indiana”  Ecology 1969

•	“Microtus population biology II. Genetic changes at the transferrin locus in fluctuating populations of two vole species” Evolution 1969

•	“Microtus population biology III. Reproductive changes in fluctuating populations of M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus in southern Indiana, 1965-67” Ecological      Monographs 1970

•	“Microtus population biology: behavioral changes associated with the population cycle in M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus”  Ecology 1970

•	“Sequential live-trapping and snap-trapping studies of Microtus populations” Journal of Mammalogy 1970

•	“Genetic changes in fluctuating vole populations” Evolution  1971

•	“Experimental analysis of relative fitness in transferrin genotypes of Microtus ochrogaster” Evolution  1971

•	“Microtus population densities and soil nutrients in southern Indiana grasslands” Ecology 1971

•	“Genetic, behavioral, and reproductive attributes of dispersing field voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus and Microtus ochrogaster” Ecological Monographs 1971

•	“Sex ratios in open and enclosed vole populations: demographic implications”  American Naturalist  1971

•	“Empirical analysis of the Andrzejewski and Wierzbowska model for estimating the migratory fraction of small mammal populations” Acta Therioilogica 1972

•	“Population cycles in small rodents” Science 1973

•	“Selection at the transferrin locus in cropped vole populations” Heredity 1973

•	“Population cycles in small mammals” Advances in Ecological Research 1974

•	“Population cycles in rodents” Scientific American 1974

•	“Demographic consequences of artificial selection at the LAP locus in voles (Microtus townsendii)” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1975

•	“The effect of odour on trap response in Microtus townsendii. Journal of Zoology (London)” 1976

•	“Fates of disappearing individuals in fluctuating populations of Microtus townsendii” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1976

•	“On the reliability of enumeration for mark and recapture census of voles” Canadian Journal of Zoology  1976

•	“Small mammal communities of the Kluane Region, Yukon Territory” Canadian Field-Naturalist 1976

•	“Small mammal communities of the Kluane Region, Yukon Territory” Canadian Field-Naturalist 1976

•	“Microtus population biology: dispersal in fluctuating populations on M. townsendii” Canadian Journal of Zoology  1976

•	“A fencing experiment on a high-density population of Microtus townsendii” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1977

•	“Competition between Microtus pennsylvanicus and Microtus ochrogaster” American Midland Naturalist 1977

•	“Aggression, testosterone, and the spring decline in populations on the vole Microtus townsendii” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1977

•	“Competition between Peromyscus maniculatus and Microtus townsendii in grasslands of coastal British Columbia” Journal of Animal Ecology 1977

•	“Pitfall trapping of Microtus townsendii” Journal of Mammalogy 1978

•	“A review of Chitty's hypothesis of population regulation” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1978

•	“Demography of the spring decline in populations of the vole, Microtus townsendii” Journal of Animal Ecology 1978

•	“A pulsed removal experiment on the vole Microtus townsendii” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1978

•	“Experimental alterations of sex-ratios in populations of Microtus oregoni, the creeping vole” Journal of Animal Ecology 1978

•	“Experimental alteration of sex ratios in population of Microtus townsendii, a field vole” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1978

•	“Variability of large- and small-sized adults in fluctuating vole populations” Ecology 1979

•	“Dispersal, spacing behaviour, and genetics in relation to population fluctuations in the vole Microtus townsendii” Fortschitte der Zoologie 1979

•	“Growth rates of aggressive and docile voles, Microtus townsendii” American Midland Natualist 1980

•	“Pitfall versus live-trap enumeration of fluctuating populations of Microtus townsendii” Journal of Mammalogy 1980

•	“Impact of botfly parasitism on Microtus townsendii populations” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1980

•	“Effects of extra food of Peromyscus and Clethrionomys populations in the southern Yukon” Oecologia 1981

•	“Male aggression and the population dynamics of the vole, Microtus townsendii” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1981

•	“An irruption of deer mice after logging of coastal coniferous forest” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 1981

•	“Microtus population biology: demography of M. oregoni in southwestern British Columbia” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1981

•	“The effect of extra food and cover on declining populations of Microtus townsendii” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1981

•	“The effect of extra food on small rodent populations. 2. Voles (Microtus townsendii)” Journal of Animal Ecology  1981

•	“Diet quality and food limitation in herbivores: the case of the snowshoe hare”  Canadian Journal of Zoology 1982

•	“Manipulation of female behaviour in field populations of Microtus townsendii” Journal of Animal Ecology 1982

•	“Are big mammals simply small mammals writ large?” Oecologia 1983

•	“Demographic responses of a chipmunk (Eutamias townsendii) population with supplemental food” Journal of Animal Ecology 1983

•	“Predation, cover, and food manipulations during a spring decline of Microtus townsendii” Journal of Animal Ecology 1983

•	“Competition between Peromyscus maniculatus and other small rodents in the boreal forest of the southern Yukon Territory” Acta Zoologica Fennica 1984

•	“Trappability estimates for mark-recapture data” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1984

•	“The role of dispersal in the population dynamics of snowshoe hares” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1985

•	“Habitat use by singing voles and tundra voles in the southern Yukon” Oecologia  1985

•	“Evidence for competition in small rodents” Oikos 1985

•	“Habitat use and abundance of deer mice: interactions with meadow voles and red-backed voles”  Canadian Journal of Zoology 1985

•	“A natural feeding experiment on a declining snowshoe hare population” Oecologia 1985

•	“Population fluctuations in the small mammals of the Kluane Region, Yukon Territory” Canadian Field-Naturalist 1985

•	“Behavioural responses of lynx to declining snowshoe hare abundance” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1985

•	“Estimating survival rates of snowshoe hares” Journal of Wildlife Management 1986

•	“Proximate causes of losses in a snowshoe hare population” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1986

•	“Summer activity patterns of three rodents in the southwestern Yukon” Arctic 1986

•	“Do Clethrionomys rutilus females suppress maturation of juvenile females?” Journal of Animal Ecology 1986

•	“Are lagomorphs similar to other small mammals in their population ecology?” Mammal Review 1986

•	“Demography of food-supplemented populations in the southern Yukon” Journal of Animal Ecology 1986

•	“A photographic technique for estimating browse growth and use” Wildlife Bulletin 1986

•	“Natal philopatry and breeding systems in Microtus” Journal of Animal Ecology 1987

•	“Population regulation in deer mice: the role of females” Journal of Animal Ecology 1987

•	“Can predation cause the 10-year hare cycle?” Oecologia 1987

•	“Estimation of snowshoe hare population density from turd transects” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1987

•	“Population biology of snowshoe hares II. Interactions with winter food plants” Journal of Animal Ecology 1988

•	“Population biology of snowshoe hares III. Nutrition, plant secondary compounds and food limitation” Journal of Animal Ecology 1988

•	“Periodic fluctuations in small mammals at Boda, Sweden from 1961-1988” Journal of Animal Ecology 1990

•	“Arctic ground squirrel predation on collared lemmings” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1990

•	“Gap-phase structure of a sub-alpine old growth forest” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 1991

•	“Spatial organization and mating system of the Townsend's vole, Microtus townsendii” Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 1991

•	“A tracking technique to locate small mammals at low densities” Journal of Mammalogy 1992

•	“Spacing system of the tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus) during the breeding season in Canada's Western Arctic” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1992

•	“Effects of supplemental food on snowshoe hare reproduction and juvenile growth at a cyclic population peak” Journal of Animal Ecology 1992

•	“Mating systems and sexual dimorphism in mass in Microtines” Journal of Mammalogy 1993

•	“Diet overlap of collared lemmings and tundra voles at Pearce Point, Northwest Territories” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1993

•	“Influence of female relatedness on the demography of Townsend's vole populations in spring” Journal of Animal Ecology 1993

•	“Indices of condition for small mammals” Australian Journal of Zoology 1993

•	“Limitations of far infrared thermal imaging in locating birds” Journal of Field Ornithology 1994

•	“Limitations of far infrared thermal imaging in locating birds” Journal of Field Ornithology 1994

•	“Finding mammals using far-infrared thermal imaging” Journal of Mammalogy  1994

•	“Comparison of capture-recapture population estimators using snowshoe hare populations” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1994

•	“Two paradigms of population regulation” Wildlife Research 1995

•	“Movements of feral house mice in agricultural landscapes” Australian Journal of Zoology 1995

•	“Why does no one review my books?” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 1995

•	“Ecosystem experiments” Science 1995

•	“Population regulation” Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology 1995

•	“Population cycles revisited” Journal of Mammalogy 1996

•	“Limitations to collared lemming population growth in winter” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1996

•	“Why lemmings have indoor plumbing in summer” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1996

•	“Patterns of predation on noncyclic lemmings” Ecological Monographs 1997

•	“Vole cycles on Hokkaido: a time-series goldmine” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1997

•	“Line-transect sampling for estimating ptarmigan (Lagopus spp.) density” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1997

•	“Population cycles in small mammals: the problem of explaining the low phase” Ecology 1998

•	“Effects of food abundance on individuals and populations of the rock mouse (Peromyscus difficilis)” Journal of Mammalogy 1998

•	“Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle” Ecology 1998

•	“Responses of great horned owls to experimental ‘hot spots’ of snowshoe hare density” Auk 1998

•	“Whither small rodent population studies?” Researches on Population Ecology 1998

•	“Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle” Oikos 1998

•	“Dispersal of juvenile collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) in a high-density population” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1998

•	“Evaluation of aerial surveys of ptarmigan Lagopus species” Journal of Applied Ecology 1998

•	“Natal dispersal of snowshoe hares during a cyclic population increase” Journal of Mammalogy 1999

•	“Snowshoe hare demography during a cyclic population low” Journal of Animal Ecology 1999

•	“Biases in the estimation of the demographic parameters of a snowshoe hare population” Journal of Animal Ecology 1999

•	“Limitation of collared lemming populations during a population cycle” Oikos 1999

•	“Population cycles and parasitism” Science 1999

•	“Natal dispersal of juvenile arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest” Canadian Journal of Zoology 1999

•	“Movements and social organisation of wild house mice (Mus domesticus) in the mallee wheatlands of northwestern Victoria, Australia” Journal of Mammalogy 2000

•	“The interactive effects of food and predators on reproduction and overwinter survival of arctic ground squirrels” Journal of Animal Ecology 2000

•	“Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2000

•	“Monitoring vertebrate populations using observational data” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2000

•	“Survival of dispersing versus philopatric juvenile snowshoe hares: do dispersers die?” Oikos 2000

•	“Microhabitat utilisation, home ranges, and movement patterns of the collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) in the central Canadian arctic” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2000

•	“Estimating snowshoe hare population density from pellet plots: a further evaluation” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2001

•	“What drives the ten-year cycle of snowshoe hares?” BioScience 2001

•	“Comparing the genetic population structure of two species of arctic lemmings: more local differentiation in Lemmus trimucronatus than in Dicrostonyx groenlandicus” Oikos 2001

•	“Why are my brilliant research findings not utilized in ecology textbooks?” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 2001

•	“Dispersal sinks and handling effects: interpreting the role of immigration in common brushtail possum populations” Journal of Animal Ecology 2001

•	“Cycles and synchrony in the collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) in arctic North America” Oecologia 2001

•	“Reproductive changes in a cyclic population of snowshoe hares” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2001

•	“Beyond population regulation and limitation” Wildlife Research 2002

•	“Trophic effects of rainfall on Clethrionomys rutilus voles: an experimental test in a xeric boreal forest in the Yukon Territory” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2002

•	“Population genetic structure of the cyclic snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) in southwestern Yukon, Canada” Molecular Ecology 2002

•	“Cyclic dynamics of snowshoe hares on a small island in the Yukon” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2002

•	“Synchrony in lemming and vole populations in the Canadian arctic” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2002

•	“Risk of parasite-induced predation: an experimental field study on Townsend's voles (Microtus townsendii)” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2002

•	“Mammal population cycles: evidence for intrinsic differences during snowshoe hare cycles” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2003

•	“Rigorous science: suggestions on how to raise the bar” Wildlife Society Bulletin 2003

•	“Terrestrial trophic-dynamics in the Canadian arctic” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2003

•	“Influence of relatedness on snowshoe hare spacing behavior” Journal of Mammalogy 2003

•	“Snowshoe hare pellet-decay rates and aging in different habitats” Wildlife Society Bulletin 2004

•	“Body size, age and paternity in common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)” Molecular Ecology 2004

•	“Integrated management to reduce rodent damage to lowland rice crops in Indonesia” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 2005

•	“Being high is better: effects of elevation and habitat on arctic ground squirrel demography” Oikos 2005

•	“One hundred years of eruptions of house mice in Australia - a natural biological curio” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2005

•	“Residual effects of NPK fertilization on shrub growth in a Yukon boreal forest” Canadian Journal of Botany 2005

•	“Monitoring coyote population dynamics by genotyping feces” Molecular Ecology 2005

•	“Large-scale experiments needed to save Australia's biota” Australasian Science 2005

•	“Ecology after 100 years: Progress and pseudo-progress” New Zealand Journal of Ecology 2006

•	“Overwinter mass loss of snowshoe hares in the Yukon: starvation, stress, adaptation or artefact?” Journal of Animal Ecology 2006

•	“Do exotic vertebrates structure the biota of Australia? An experimental test in New South Wales” Ecosystems 2006

•	“Problems and pitfalls in relating climate variability to population dynamics” Climate Research 2006

•	“Population limitation of the northern red-backed vole in the boreal forests of northern Canada” Journal of Animal Ecology 2006

•	“Constraints to projecting the effects of climate change on mammals” Climate Research 2006

•	“Landscape ecology of house mouse outbreaks in Southeastern Australia” Journal of Applied Ecology 2007

•	“Population responses to sterility imposed on female European rabbits” Journal of Applied Ecology 2007

•	“Evaluation of predator numerical responses” Wildlife Research 2007

•	“Mushroom crops in relation to weather in the southwestern Yukon” Botany 2008

•	“Climate and nutrient influences on the growth of white spruce trees in the boreal forests of the Yukon” Climate Research 2008

•	“Arctic lemmings are not simply food limited - a comment” Evolutionary Ecology Research 2009

•	“Population dynamics of large and small mammals: Graeme Caughley's Grand Vision” Wildlife Research 2009

•	“Climatic determinants of berry crops in the boreal forest of the southwestern Yukon” Botany 2009

•	“The sensitive hare: sublethal effects of predator stress on reproduction in snowshoe hares” Journal of Animal Ecology 2009

•	“The transmission rate of MCMV in house mice in pens and implications for virally-vectored immunocontraception” Wildlife Research 2009

•	“Cats, rabbits, Myxoma virus, and vegetation on Macquarie Island: a comment on Bergstrom et al. 2009” Journal of Applied Ecology 2009

•	“A non-invasive technique for analyzing fecal cortisol metabolites in snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus)” Journal of Comparitive Physiology and Biochemistry 2009

•	“Predator-baiting experiments for the conservation of rock-wallabies in Western Australia: a 25 year review with recent advances. Wildlife Research 2010

•	“Do changes in berry crops drive population fluctuations in small rodents in the southwestern Yukon?” Journal of Mammalogy 2010

•	“Density estimation for small mammals from live trapping grids: rodents in northern Canada” Journal of Mammalogy 2011

•	“Fluctuations in lemming populations in north Yukon, Canada, 2007–2010” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2011

•	“Improved detection of ecological 'surprises'” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2011

•	“Expansion of canopy-forming willows over the 20th century on Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada” Ambio 2011

•	“From process to pattern: how fluctuating predation risk impacts the stress axis of snowshoe hares during the 10-year cycle” Oecologia 2011

•	“Effects of ENSO-linked climate and vegetation on population dynamics of sympatric rodent species in semi-arid grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2011

•	“Multi-decadal changes in tundra environments and ecosystems: synthesis of the International Polar Year-Back to the Future Project (IPY-BTF)” Ambio 2011

•	“Improving biodiversity monitoring in Australia” Austral Ecology 2011

•	“Habitat specific distribution and abundance of arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii plesius) in southwest Yukon” Canadian Journal of Zoology 2011

•	“Some observations of short-eared owl, Asio flammeus, ecology on arctic tundra, Yukon, Canada” Canadian Field-Naturalist 2011

•	“Mountain-top and valley-bottom experiences: the stress axis as an integrator of environmental variability in arctic ground squirrel populations” Journal of Zoology (London) 2012

•	“Lemming winter habitat choice: a snow-fencing experiment” Oecologia 2012

•	“Disentangling trophic relationships in a high arctic tundra ecosystem through food web modeling” Ecology 2012

•	“Climatic determinants of white spruce cone crops in the boreal forest of the southwestern Yukon” Botany 2012

•	“Evidence for source-sink dynamics in a regional population of arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii plesius)”Wildlife Research 2012

•	“Biodiversity monitoring in Canada's Yukon: the Community Ecological Monitoring Program. Pages 151-156 in D. Lindenmayer, editor” Biodiversity Monitoring in Australia 2012

Other
•	Aggression, Dominance, and Individual Spacing edited by Lester Krames, Patricia Pliner, and Thomas Alloway, 1978. Chapter 3: “Aggression, dispersal, and cyclic changes in populations of small rodents.”

•	Biology of New World Microtus by R.H. Tamarin (ed.), 1985. Chapter 8: “Population dynamics and cycles”

•	The Ecology of Place: Contributions of place-based research to ecological and evolutionary understanding by I. Billick and M.V. Price, eds, 2010. Chapter 11: “Case studies and ecological understanding.”

References:

 * 1) 	http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=11&pg=0
 * 2) 	http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~krebs/publist.html
 * 3) 	http://forms.pearsonhighered.com/forms/authorinterviews/bio.jsp?id=12
 * 4) 	http://www.lydiancenter.com/practitioners/charlesKrebs.php
 * 5) 	http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/person/krebs