User:Kristenibrahim/sandbox

Scabies- Scabies

-Everything in this article was related to the disease scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei. The history section of the disease in the article dragged on for a bit but was still relevant to the topic

-The citations do work and link to credible sources that state the facts and statistics present in the article.

-The talk page said the article is a level 4 vital article in science/biology and falls in the B-class. Before it was edited out, there were a few biased terms used like "dubious" when describing the scabs which seemed to upset a few readers.

-Each fact which was most sentences had a reference to a source. Many of the sources were from government credible sources like the CDC website. The few times there was a biased statement, it was noted after that there is still debate on the idea the sentence projected which gives the reader room to form their own opinion on what they think.

Editing an article

Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides

"Unfertilized eggs may be ingested but are not infective. Fertile eggs embryonate and become infective after 18 days to several weeks, depending on the environmental conditions (optimum: moist, warm, shaded soil)."

Parasites - Ascariasis. (2018, February 14). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/biology.html

Draft

A parasite that lives in or on another parasite is known as a hyperparasite. The most common examples are insects that lay their eggs inside or near parasitoid larvae, which are themselves parasitizing the tissues of a host, again usually an insect larva. Hyperparasites, termed hyperparasitoids, are found mainly among Hymenoptera which includes wasps, sawflies, and such, with the exception of some flies and beetles. Hyperparasitism has evolved in only three insect orders; Seventeen families in Hymenoptera and in a few species of Diptera and Coleoptera utilize hyperparasitism. During the Jurassic period which was about 135 million years ago, the evolution of it began with the primary parasitism that evolved in the Hymenoptera. “Hyperparasitism intrigues entomologists because of its multidisciplinary relationship to evolution, ecology, behavior, biological control, taxonomy, and mathematical models.” (Sullivan, 2009).

Cocoons of the specialist parasitoid Cotesia melitaearum, which attacks the Glanville fritillary butterfly in the Åland islands of SW Finland, are parasitized by the generalist hyperparasitoid Gelis agilis. The Glanville fritillary butterfly, Melitaea cinixa, is parasitized by the parasitoid wasp, Cotesia melitaearum. Some small local populations, where the host butterfly resides, are inhabited by the host parasitoid. The cocoons of C. melitaearum are parasitized by the parasitoid Gelis agilis, which is in the large order of insects classified as Hymenoptera. In response to high local densities of C. melitaearum cocoons, this secondary parasitoid has been known have a high accumulation.

Plant volatiles are emitted from plants as a defense against herbivory. The volatiles emitted attract parasitic wasps that in turn, attack the herbivores. Hyperparasitoids are known to find their victims through herbivore-induced plant volatiles emitted in response to attack by caterpillars that in turn had been parasitized by primary parasitoids. The hyperparasitoids on the lookout for their parasitoid prey can preferentially detect infected caterpillars, although not all parasitoid wasps gave away their presence through this host–plant interaction (Poelman, 2012). The pupae of primary parasitoid species are parasitized by many hyperparasitoid species.

Twenty-four fungal species were screened for hyperparasitic activity against Puccinia coronata on oat seedlings. The hyperparasites entwined the urediospores with a dense mycelium and penetrated the spores, often appressoria-like structures were formed. Spore contents and spore walls showed enzymatic degradations and the invaded spores subsequently collapsed. V. chlamydosporium, V. griseum, V. lecanii, V. psalliotae and V. goniodes produced extracellular enzymes degrading gelatine, starch and chitin (Buchenauer, 1992).

Sources

B. (1992, January 01). Hyperparasitism of selected fungi on rust fungi of cereal. Retrieved 		March 26, 2018, from http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=DE92U0837

Nouhuys, S. V., & Hanski, I. (2001, December 25). Apparent competition between parasitoids 		mediated by a shared hyperparasitoid. Retrieved March 26, 2018, from https://			onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00123.x

Poelman, E. H., Bruinsma, M., Zhu, F., Weldegergis, B. T., Boursault, A. E., Jongema, Y.,. . . 		Dicke, M. (2012, November 27). Hyperparasitoids Use Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles 	to Locate Their Parasitoid Host. Retrieved March 26, 2018, from http://journals.plos.org/ 		plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001435#s3