User:Ksundaramurthy/sandbox

Article Evaluation
At-Risk Students

This Wiki page is quite well-developed and descriptive of many aspects of at-risk youth. However, under the At-risk students globally section, nothing is written under North America. This is definitely a gap I can work to fill. The article also lists some programs for at-risk youth, and describes Title 1, Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, and Reading Rockets. I'm sure there are several others that are unlisted, but definitely feel it would be valuable to include information about the YMCA, with its reputation and long-standing history.

The article also has a section on Contributing factors documented in the United States, under which Poverty is listed and described very briefly. Having been learning about global poverty, and also working with students from lower socio-economic statuses, I would like to elaborate more on what effect poverty has on at-risk youth.

East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)

This Wiki page has a section on "Culture", in which it describes things related to music, sports, art, and local festivals. It touches on all of these topics very briefly, basically giving one/two examples of each of these items. However, it does not at all address the prominent subcultures of the Bay, which is famous for its progressive culture, and the impact of larger countercultures on places in the Bay. For example, the Free Speech Movement (which is very relevant today) has massively shaped Berkeley, California. Policing practices and social justice issues are always aflame in Oakland. These cultural identities and groups play a role in shaping the lives of individuals, starting from the youth, which is really important to understand when working with these populations.

Scholarly Sources and Summaries
East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)

“Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California.” Contemporary Sociology, vol. 42, no. 1, 2013, pp. 134–135. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41722851.

Murch has discussed how youth in Oakland have developed their racial and class consciousness from their experience and history of marginalization in schools and by the police... and the eventual formation of political consciousness. This atmosphere provides insight into the motivations and sentiments of the Black Panther Party, and the effects it had on residents in the Bay Area and around the country. Discussing the Blank Panther movement, which originated in Oakland, and was intertwined with issues concerning public education, is significant and should be mentioned. It captures the history, culture, and movement of the East Bay, and is very influential in today's East Bay cultural and political scene as well. ->era of expansion and political struggle in California's system of public higher education... ->people faced a declining local economy, an increasingly hostile state and local government, and an uncertain future at this time... ->Youth activism

Mulloy, D. J. "New Panthers, Old Panthers and the Politics of Black Nationalism in the United States." Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 44, no. 3, July 2010, pp. 217-238. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/0031322X.2010.489732.

San Francisco Bay Area : Its People, Prospects and Problems. San Francisco : the associates, 1948., 1948. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat04202a&AN=ucb.b10321097&site=eds-live.

This overview of the Bay's people and problems both touches on the culture, past/future, and issues that are faced in the area. I think this is hugely relevant to my Area study, as well as in understanding the place of the Bay in this time in history.

"What We Don't Learn about the Black Panther Party — but Should. (Cover Story)." Rethinking Schools, vol. 32, no. 1, Fall2017, pp. 26-33.

->revolutionary socialist ideology ->fought in Black communities across the nation for giving the poor access to decent housing, health care, education... ->relationships with other civil rights organizations ->Black liberation struggle

Jones, Brenda Payton. "The BLACK PANTHERS STILL MAKING a DIFFERENCE." Ebony, vol. 62, no. 4, Feb. 2007, p. 190.

->status quo rapidly changing... starting with protests against police brutality ->national free breakfast program... reduce child hunger ->sickle cell anemia testing.. health programs directed towards Black populations ->political representation ->coalition politics

Murch, Donna. "The Campus and the Street: Race, Migration, and the Origins of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, CA." Souls, vol. 9, no. 4, Oct, 2007, pp. 333-345.

->BPP movement best understood through historical movements that produced it ->these include familiar cycles of poverty and debt... and incarceration ->College campuses as major sites of organizing

artists/ low wage - https://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-complex-hustle-of-oaklands-bart-dancers/Content?oid=9611714

African American Culture

Richardson, Elaine and Gwendolyn Pough. "Hiphop Literacies and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture." Social Identities, vol. 22, no. 2, Mar. 2016, pp. 129-132.

Introduces several different essays about hip hop and Black popular culture. Regards hip hop as an "artistic, social, and cultural movement", and as something that reflects local and global histories and concerns and cultures. It introduces hip hop as a site of interrogation. "Youth in other countries are using hip-hop to (re)construct, maintain, and negotiate their local situations and identities."

Nelson, Angela M. "Black Popular Culture (US)." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, edited by Patrick L. Mason, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2013, pp. 275-284. Gale Virtual Reference Library, go.galegroup.com.libproxy.berkeley.edu/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=ucberkeley&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX4190600082&asid=38dd867994dbaddab8ce01acae1b5e85. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

Ramsey, Guthrie P. Race Music : Black Cultures from Behop to Hip-Hop. University of California Press, 2004. acls humanities e-book.

Kitwana, Bakari. The Hip Hop Generation : Young Blacks and the Crisis in African American Culture. New York : Basic Civitas, c2002., 2002.

Kitwana discusses the historical and cultural movement seen through hip hop, characterized by her as graffiti, breakdancing, DJing, and rap music. She discusses rappers as emissaries of new Black youth culture, and talks about it in relation to street culture, prison culture, and other subcultures. She regards hip hop culture as one that calls for change across several areas in society, including race, class, gender, and ethnicity. I think this source is great to use in the social and political section of the page-- hip hop here is presented as a cultural movement that translates to political power.

Porfilio, Brad J.1, et al. "Ending the 'War against Youth:' Social Media and Hip-Hop Culture as Sites of Resistance, Transformation and (Re) Conceptualization." Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies (JCEPS), vol. 11, no. 4, Nov. 2013, pp. 85-105.

In this paper, we see some of the issues of perception surrounding hip hop. The authors discuss the role hip hop, and hip hop artists play, in activism and fighting social injustices. It also talks about hip hop as a tool for the youth to empower themselves and be critical of their own oppression-- which is exactly what I see at the YMCA.

Dodds, Sherril. "Hip Hop Battles and Facial Intertexts." Dance Research, vol. 34, no. 1, May 2016, pp. 63-83.

Discusses role of facial expression in African American dance... discusses cultural history and relevance in dance forms. "I suggest that the African American male face has been socially and historically fixed within a racist facial polarity: the solemn face of criminality and death, and the grinning mask of the minstrel entertainer...criminality and death are indexed to black male youth, and the circulating media images of recent police brutality in relation to young African American men clearly perpetuate representations of a grave black face." Hip hop in this way is used as a dialogue exchange, and is an "African diasporic movement practice".

DeFrantz, Thomas. Dancing Revelations: Alvin Ailey's Embodiment of African American Culture. Oxford University Press, 2004. acls humanities e-book.

Talks about how Ailey's choreography engaged the "act of being black". Talks about dance-making as something that emerged with civil rights movements in the 1960's... definition of "blackness" has so evolved as well.

Henderson, Aneeka. "Black Political and Popular Culture: The Legacy of Richard Iton." Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture & Society, vol. 16, no. 3/4, Jul-Dec2014, pp. 198-208.

Examines the link between black popular culture and political culture. "the 'continued overinvestment in cultural politics,’ that weds popular and political culture, highlights the ‘perceived inadequacies of the American state (and the nation-state as a general concept); the short-comings of the civil rights movement on a variety of fronts, including most prominently class, gender, and sexuality.’"

Turfing

"Conscious Quiet as a Mode of Black Visual Culture." Black Camera: The New Series, vol. 8, no. 1, Fall2016, pp. 146-154.

-> RIP Oscar Grant shot at Fruitvale station -> dance as a constant social critique -> first video, dancers danced on the ground that Grant was "last alive" (interesting word choice) ->"black and brown people memorializing each other while resisting brutality" ->"Their movements are meditative, focused, and conjuring... akin to peace"

"Shot and Captured." Tdr-The Drama Review-The Journal of Performance Studies, vol. 58, no. 2, n.d., pp. 99-114.

->Recognition of blackness and lives taken ->hood dance practice of turfing- empathy for and politicized awareness of black life and lives lived. ->Hood dancing blurs the lines of racialized distinctions, like those of commercial/political, entertainment/art, sacred/secular, aural/kinesthetic. ->turf referring to ground- soil- roots ->intertextual: linked to local language, rap lyrics, street culture, fashion ->kinship, continuity, and stability ->transformative power of art- progressive discourse of “urban youth” in crisis ->response to the loss of African American lives, police brutality, and race relations in Oakland

"From Streets To Stage, Two Dance Worlds See Harmonization And Chaos." Weekend Edition Saturday, 23 Jan. 2016. Literature Resource Center, go.galegroup.com.libproxy.berkeley.edu/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&u=ucberkeley&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA442019322&asid=3532d05de97e18b5b3e990197018a880. Accessed 8 Nov. 2017.

->mashup of turf dance and ballet ->'turfers' perform on trains ->a lot of turfers "come from the struggle" ->usually performed to freestyle to hip-hop or rap music

SOMMER, SALLY. "Balletic Breakin'." Dance Magazine, vol. 86, no. 1, Jan. 2012, p. 90.

->"turf" as an acronym for "taking up room on the floor" -> Oakland dancers include "No Noize", "Man", "BJ", and "Dreal.

Simms, Renee. "Immortal Dance in the Age of Michael Brown." Southwest Review, no. 1, 2017, p. 74.

-> Group called Turf Feinz, explicitly addresses police brutality in video dedicated to Oscar Grant ->other videos by this group and other dance crews address the topic indirectly ->shared aesthetics that can be read as resisting the status quo. Dancers of color gather in 'unsafe' places--parking lots, public parks, busy street corners, the middle of a residential street. ->in this article, turfing is referred to as "hit dem folks"

Bragin, Naomi Elizabeth, (Author). "Black Street Movement: Turf Dance, YAK Films and Politics of Sitation in Oakland, California." ["Collected Work: Dance and the social city. Published by: Birmingham, Ala: Society of Dance History Scholars, 2012. Pages: 51-57. (AN: 2012-21017)"].

->links direct action protest, social media, movement aesthetics, collectivity, and violence. ->'collective movement' ->"critique of Oakland’s unreported history of policing, violence, and death, publicizing people whose daily reality constitutes these sites" ->street culture of black Oakland youth

At-Risk Students

Ciocanel, Oana, et al. "Effectiveness of Positive Youth Development Interventions: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Journal of Youth & Adolescence, vol. 46, no. 3, Mar. 2017, p. 483. Stevenson, Brian J. "Developing a Career Counseling Intervention Program for Foster Youth." Journal of Employment Counseling, vol. 54, no. 2, June 2017, pp. 75-86. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/joec.12055.

Weinrath, Michael, et al. "Mentorship: A Missing Piece to Manage Juvenile Intensive Supervision Programs and Youth Gangs?." Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice, vol. 58, no. 3, July 2016, p. 291.

->"The term mentor has traditionally been used to describe a process by which an older person volunteers to engage in a relationship with a younger person that serves to assist in his or her personal development. The mentor can work as a role model, as a teacher of social skills and values, and as a counselor." ->mentorship programs’ effects on problem behavior... use of “best practices” such as training, structure, and expectations clearly communicated to mentors improve program impact...find that strong relationships between mentors and mentees improve program efficacy.

The global distribution of risk factors by poverty level. Blakely, T, et al. "The Global Distribution of Risk Factors by Poverty Level." Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 83, no. 2, Feb. 2005, pp. 118-126.

->association between poverty and the prevalence of major risk factors for ill-health at the individual level ->With these caveats in mind, our findings are consistent with patterns evident in other studies that have found poverty to be associated with multiple risks to health ->"double burden of disease"

Obsuth, Ingrid, et al. "Substance Dependence Disorders and Patterns of Psychiatric Comorbidity among At-Risk Teens: Implications for Social Policy and Intervention." Court Review, vol. 46, no. 1/2, Jan. 2010, pp. 24-29.

Schrobenhauser-Clonan, Alexander P. "The Effects of a Classroom-Based Yoga Intervention on Social and Emotional Functioning in Urban At-Risk Youth." 2013.

O'Donnell, Julie and Sandra L. Kirkner. "Helping Low-Income Urban Youth Make the Transition to Early Adulthood: A Retrospective Study of the YMCA Youth Institute." Afterschool Matters, no. 23, 01 Jan. 2016, pp. 18-27

-> urban youth develop the knowledge, skills, and supports needed to transition into higher education and the workforce ->Low-income urban youth of color often face challenges in their transition to early adulthood. High school programs that promote positive youth development may help youth to better negotiate this period Knight, Alice, et al. "The Quality and Effectiveness of Interventions That Target Multiple Risk Factors among Young People: A Systematic Review." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 41, no. 1, Feb. 2017, p. 54.

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/00028312032003493 Addressing race, culture, and language diversity, are essential in providing accessible education for all. These factors should be considered in doing work with at-risk students, especially in the context of poverty. I think I can add relevant information about addressing these diversities, in the poverty section of the article.

Stone, Susan and Jamie Zibulsky. "Maltreatment, Academic Difficulty, and Systems-Involved Youth: Current Evidence and Opportunities." Psychology in the Schools, vol. 52, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 22-39.

Vries, Sanne L. A., et al. "Practitioner Review: Effective Ingredients of Prevention Programs for Youth at Risk of Persistent Juvenile Delinquency - Recommendations for Clinical Practice." Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, vol. 56, no. 2, Feb. 2015, pp. 108-121.

->Prevention programs have positive effects on preventing persistent juvenile delinquency. In order to improve program effectiveness, interventions should be behavioral-oriented, delivered in a family or multi-modal format, and the intensity of the program should be matched to the level of risk of the juvenile.

Ridings, Kelley R. The Place of At-Risk Factors among Students Graduating or Dropping Out of High School: A Study of Path Analyses. [Electronic Resource]. 2010.

Adolescents living in a high poverty neighborhood increases the achievement gap. There is a negative relationship between academic achievement and ecological risk factors. There is a positive relationship between ecological risk factors and problem behaviors. Youth living in poverty are among those students who face the highest degree of risk. Racial ethnic groups perform at different achievement levels from their White counterparts. There are academic, social-behavioral, and familial risk factors.

https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=eZcJAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=at-risk+youth&ots=7H5eg56z4b&sig=AQjbQdJhhERCFX76vgCDwKxanuI#v=onepage&q=at-risk%20youth&f=false

YMCA'

MJAGKIJ, NINA. "Light in the Darkness: African Americans and the YMCA, 1852-1946." 2015.

->symbolize power of racial solidarity ->African American men, facing lynchings, disenfranchisement, race riots, and Jim Crow laws, hoped that separate YMCAs would provide the opportunity to exercise in large numbers. ->understanding of the African American experience

O'Donnell, Julie and Sandra L. Kirkner. "Helping Low-Income Urban Youth Make the Transition to Early Adulthood: A Retrospective Study of the YMCA Youth Institute." Afterschool Matters, no. 23, 01 Jan. 2016, pp. 18-27.

Zald, Mayer N. and Patricia Denton. "From Evangelism to General Service: The Transformation of the YMCA." Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 2, Sept. 1963, pp. 214-234.

"Young Men's Christian Association." Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 2017, p. 1p. 1.

Each branch of the organization functions to serve the needs of its particular community. The Y has a long-standing association with youth work... the Hi-Y group has worked on leadership development of high school students' for a century. Resources for other social issues are also provided, including emergency shelter, job training, refugee settlement, day care for the elderly, and classes for people with disabilities.

http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=db77e933-55fb-4919-a34c-c3cc73f0ca3a%40sessionmgr4010&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=S0149718915300306&db=edselp This evaluation of the YMCA program in regards to its adolescent programming could provide valuable insight into the effectiveness of the Y's programs, and its reputation and overall efficacy as a community center.

“History - 2000 to Present.” The Y, www.ymca.net/history/2000-present.html.

->The Y’s signature program for social responsibility, makes its debut in 2014. The member-led community service program encourages Y members to find projects to improve their neighborhoods. ->In 2008, YMCAs added College Goal Sunday to their educational programs for youth, which helps low-income, at-risk or non-traditional students with the financial aid process—one of the most significant obstacles to college access and success. ->after-school programming ->youth development ->health programs combating diabetes, obesity, etc.

Summarizing and Synthesizing
East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area) Several organizations, including the Black Panthers, grew out of the revolutionary movements of Oakland.

African American Culture Page, under Dance Turfing is an dance form which emerged out of social and political movements in the Bay Area. This hood dance is response to the loss of African American lives, police brutality, and race relations in Oakland. The dance is an expression of Blackness, and one that integrates concepts of solidarity, social support, peace, and the discourse of the state of black people in our current social structures. The turf movement is also intertwined with several aspects of life experience, including hip hop, language, and street culture. This art uniquely addresses African American deaths, while using art to create kinship in the world, and is seen as a means to humanize blackness in the streets.

At-Risk Students

Introduction for "Interventions" There are several different forms of interventions for at-risk youth. Interventions are generally considered effective if they have positive impacts on individuals' risk behavior, academic achievement, pro-social behavior, sexual behavior, and psychological adjustment.

YMCA The YMCA has a separate programs, like the Teen Center in the East Bay, to equip students from low-income backgrounds for future college and career achievements.

Under the Poverty section: Risk Factors Impoverished environments can create several risk factors for youth, making them increasingly vulnerable to risk-behaviors and impacted life outcomes as they grow. Risk factors associated with poverty include substance abuse, violent behaviors, and psychological imbalance.

My Contributions: Final Edits and Additions
Politics and Social Issues in the African American page Added information on the intersection of African American culture, and Politics and Social Issues. Tried to connect it to the previous part.

These political and social sentiments have been expressed through hip-hop culture, including graffiti, break-dancing, rapping, and more. This cultural movement makes statements about historical, as well as present-day topics like street culture and incarceration, and often times expresses a call for change. Hip hop artists play a prominent role in activism and fighting social injustices, and has a cultural role in defining and reflecting on political and social issues.

Turfing, in the African American Culture page One of the uniquely African American forms of dancing, turfing, emerged out of social and political movements in the East Bay in the San Francisco Bay Area. Turfing is a hood dance and a response to the loss of African American lives, police brutality, and race relations in Oakland, California. The dance is an expression of Blackness, and one that integrates concepts of solidarity, social support, peace, and the discourse of the state of black people in our current social structures.

History, in the Turfing page Turfing is a social critique and recognition of lost African American lives, police brutality, and race relations in Oakland. This form of expression uniquely addresses African American deaths, while using art to create a politicized awareness of brutality against people of color. It is also seen as a means to humanize blackness, spread community, empathy, and peace in the same streets black lives were taken. Apart from being a unique hood dance form, turfing represents a collective movement, and is part of the street culture in the East Bay.

Under Culture, on the East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area) page The East Bay also has a rich history. One of the revolutionary movements founded in Oakland was the Black Panther organization.

YMCA, on the At-Risk Students page YMCA, or The Y, is an organization that promotes youth development, healthy living, and social responsibility. Over the years, the Y has provided various programming, some directed towards at-risk youth. The Y has engaged with social issues such as racial solidarity, job training, and classes for people with disabilities.

Poverty, on the At-Risk Students page The existing piece was not descriptive at all of risk factors that come from living in poverty.

Youth that come from low socio-economic status are more likely to be labeled “at-risk.” Impoverished environments can create several risk factors for youth, making them increasingly vulnerable to risk-behaviors and impacted life outcomes as they grow. Growing up in poverty is associated with several risk factors, including those social-behavioral (for example substance abuse), environmental (violent neighborhoods), ecological, and familial (exposure to psychological imbalance). These risk factors are shown to have negative correlations with academic achievement, and positive correlations with problem behaviors. Youth living in households with income under 50% of the federal poverty level are those most vulnerable.

Early Intervention on the At-Risk Students page Introduction for the section:

There are several different forms of interventions for at-risk youth. Interventions are generally considered effective if they have positive impacts on individuals' risk behavior, academic achievement, pro-social behavior, sexual behavior, and psychological adjustment. Effective interventions can also serve as a preventative measure for future risk behavior.

Addition to list of early interventions:
 * mentorship