User:Kthk0708/sandbox

Properties of Methyl Oleate

 * Molecular Formula :
 * Molar Mass : 296.49 g/mol
 * Melting Point : -20°C
 * Boiling Point : 218 °C (424 °F) at 27 hPa - lit.
 * Solubility in Water : Not soluble in water (immiscible with water)

Methyl Oleate

Methyl Oleate

Methyl group

Methyl Oleate Synthesis and characterization of monomers and polymers for adhesives from methyl oleate

Mechanistic Features of Isomerizing Alkoxycarbonylation of Methyl Oleate

Ethenolysis of Methyl Oleate in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids

Critique of Carbonic Anhydrase Mechanism Figure

 * In this mechanism figure the text is quite small, it can be enlarged a bit for better observation and analysis. The arrows showing the movement of electron can be made more observable by slightly enlarging them.
 * Each part of the mechanism is kind of clutter, it can be spaced out a bit.
 * The arrows are larger than the compound structures itself, they can be downsized.

$$N(t)= N_0 (1/2)^\frac{t}{t_1/_2}$$
where ,

$$N(t) $$  = quantity of the substance remaining

$$N_0$$    = initial quantity of the substance

$$t$$        = time elapsed

$$t_\frac{1}{2}$$     = half life of the substance

Edits Made on 23.57 December 4th, 2018 by Ninja Recs
Ninja Recs added a section under contents (Further Details of Fe-S clusters). This section provides some general information and information on the relationship of Fe-S bonds in various clusters

Edits Made on 00:52 December 5th, 2018 & on 10:49 December 5th, 2018 by Smokefoot
There are two edits made by Smokefoot in this article, the first was on December 5th , 2018 at 00:52 and the second was made on December 5th , 2018 at 10:49. The purpose of both edits was to reformat the article in an appropriate structure ,and eliminate or reduce any kind of redundant information. Initially after the edit made by Ninja Recs, the article was presented in the format of an essay which is wrong because wikipedia is a platform that can provide facts unbiased and from a neutral point of view. Smokefoot has generalized the article by reformatting and structuring the introduction. I feel these edits were necessary because the information in the article was good but just presented in a poor manner. These edits helped reinforce the purpose of wikipedia, an encyclopedic reference. It also helps to reinforce that nothing goes against wikipedia guidelines. It seems the introduction initially was a bit persuasive, like they are explaining the topic rather than generally summarizing it.

Comments made by Smokefoot on first edit ( 00:52 December 5th, 2018 by Smokefoot ):
"Wikipedia is not a school essay. It is a compilation of facts".

Comments made by Smokefoot on second edit (Edits Made on 10:49 December 5th, 2018 by Smokefoot ):
"("Rem essay beginning with "taking a look at [4Fe-4S] cluster..." including this student critique of biochemical machinery "Despite the [4Fe-4S] clusters having its benefits and flaws,..")"

Why are some statistics shown as negative numbers (-3,296 and -1,805)?

The statistics for these edits are negative numbers. This is because that number represents the number of bytes by which an edit changed the article. If it the number was negative then that means the article got shorter. If the the number was postive then that means the article got longer. In this particular edit, the two number seen are -3,296 and -1,805 , both of which refer to the shortening of the article by that respective amount in terms of bytes. The first edit removed 3,296 bytes of data (information data) from the wikipedia article, and the second edit removed 1,805 bytes of data (information data ).

Merge proposal, withdrawn
"I propose to merge this article with the one on Iron-sulfur protein. Adding to the confusion, we also have an article on ferredoxin, which I propose to leave alone." --Smokefoot (talk) 22:42, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

"I dont think it should be totally merged since organometallic iron sulfur clusters are not biological and should not be mentioned in the iron-sulfur protein article. But the synthetic iron sulfur clusters (like those from Richard Holm at Harvard) should be moved to the iron-sulfur protein article since they are meant to be biomimetic analogs of the biological clusters. Conversely, there should be very little, almost no, discussion of the biological iron sulfur clusters in this article since that is redundant with the iron-sulfur proteins article, so the two sections should be merged and have only one or two sentences with an internal link to the iron-sulfur proteins article. I also dont think this article is very worthwhile since i dont think there are enough non-biological iron sulfur clusters, Im surprised this article was started in the first place"- Kcsunshine999 (talk) 05:43, 11 December 2018 (UTC)

"Agreed."--Smokefoot (talk) 10:54, 11 December 2018 (UTC)

Proposal
"Hello,

I hoping to contribute, my knowledge to this article by discussing the strength, covalency and electron transfer effects." Ninja Recs (talk) 01:00, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

"You are writing at a level that indicates that your teacher is needed. Please ask your teacher to read some Wikipedia articles first." --Smokefoot (talk) 01:20, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

"Ninja Recs's Instructor gave 58 revisions to make to this contribution before moving to the live article however, regrettably, none of them were made" --Kcsunshine999 (talk) 22:46, 5 September 2021 (UTC)

Article Name: Carbonic anhydrase
Edits Made on 12:03 December 3rd, 2018 by Smokefoot

Smokefoot took out some unnecessary information presented in the article. The contents erased were similar to the introduction of a paper. The part that was cut reads '[c]arbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that was initially found in the year 1933 in the red blood cells of cows, and then later found in human and animal tissues, plants, algae and even bacteria". He also made minor edits here and there done in order maintain wikipedia guidelines (making the article more to the point rather than like a research paper on the topic of carbonic anhydrase). Smokefoot has formatted the wikipedia article to present the information present as facts.

Comments left by Smokefoot :
"some redundancy"

Edits Made on 12:11 December 3rd, 2018 by Smokefoot
A portion of information regarding the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid has been taken out. Content referring to polarization of hydrogen-oxygen bond were edited out as well. Both portions of information were not needed (unnecessary).

Comments left by Smokefoot :
"(mech)"

Edits Made on 12:12 December 3rd, 2018 by Smokefoot
A repeated citation reference was deleted.

Comments left by Smokefoot :
"(repeat ref)"

Why are some statistics shown as negative numbers (-642, -607, -140)?
The statistics for these edits are negative numbers. This is because that number represents the number of bytes by which an edit changed the article. If it the number was negative then that means the article got shorter. If the the number was positive then that means the article got longer. In this particular edit, the three numbers seen are -642 , -607 , and -140 all  three of which refer to the shortening of the article by that respective amount in terms of bytes.The first edit removed 642 bytes of information from the wikipedia article , the second edit removed 1,805 bytes of information ,and the third 140 bytes of information.

Introduction section comparison between 12:03 Dec 3rd, 2018 by Smokefoot and December 3rd, 2018 by Bilal.Bhatti96
This edit was a good improvement to the overall introduction this is because it reduce redundancy meaning eliminating any unnecessary information.

Comparison made between Nov 28th ,2019 by Bilal.bhatti96 and Nov 15th, 2019 by A2-25
The new paragraph added in line 32 was a good addition. It explains The Bohr Effect, which describes a hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity. This is important and relevant information that was a good addition to the article. He also, in his edit, relates The Bohr Effect to the topic of the article , carbonic anhydrase. He explains that carbonic anhydrase speeds up the reaction between carbon dioxide and water, which produces hydrogen protons and bicarbonate ions.The edits made by Bilal.bhatti96 to the introduction do still exist in the current version of the carbonic anhydrase introduction.

I don't believe there was much a discussion on the improvement of this article under the "talk" section. Most read " [ Date ] and [Date]. Further details are available on the course page.Student editor(s): Bilal.bhatti96. Also, there is an interesting conversation regarding the spontaneous conversion between CO2 and HCO3. However , not a lot is discussed about carbonic anhydrase , just some minor questions that are answered.

Ex. Zinc and Cadnium
"What is special about zink and cadmium? These atoms are at the end of the first and second transition groups and have full d shells whose electrons have an energy just below that of the valence s electrons. In a compound the d electrons mix in to the bonds to some extent leaving a d type vacancy. The empty d orbital is long and thin with lobes sticking out of the atom in opposite directions and having the same sign of the wave function. This is similare to the wave function of the pi electrons on the liniar CO2 molecule which stick out on opposite sides of the central carbon atom with the same sign. Thus the CO2 molecule sticks to the Zn or Cd donating an electron to the d shell and leaving it positivly charged and with a vacancy so that it is easy for the negitively charged oxygen atom of H2O to react with it. 89.139.194.69 01:03, 23 November 2008 (UTC)"

Ex. Million or Billion Fold

 * "Valid question for second inclusion considering that the article on carbonic_acid says billion. That's three decimal orders of magnitude! Let's see if I really care how to calculate the concentration of bicarbonate in water at 100kPa"
 * "Obviously, there is too much confusion about the million or billion thing. What does "increase by a million fold" actually mean? The rate of interconversion varies with pH, concentration of each carbon species, temperature, presence of other ions, etc. etc. etc. To try to make a more clear statement about the rate of the enzyme, I reported a range of representative catalytic rates for the forms of this enzyame and added a citation. I hope that is clear." - 132.216.227.246 19:52, 31 August 2006 (UTC)[ reply]

Article Ratings for "Carbonic anhydrase"
This article has been rated as C-Class on the quality scale

This article has not yet received a rating on the importance scale.

Added to Line 11:
“, insects , and even lichens”

Adding this revised sentence to introductory paragraph of biotechnology heading
"Each different species of laccase is widely expressed in nature. Each species has its own unique properties, characteristics , and even applications. Each species exhibits a particular catalytic characteristics and sequences. Laccases have a sequence size between 220 and 800 amino acids with roughly 7300 cellular-organism sources. This can be further broken down to 1026 bacteria , 6258 eukaryotes , and 16 halobactera or “archaea” (Figure #1). It is assumed that a significant of enzymes  produced by different organisms could lead to a range of application that can be applied to , for example , water bioremediation (Figure #1).

Bioremediation
In bioremediation, laccase acts as a biocatalyst used to remove contaminants and pollutants such as oil/ sewage spills , heavy metals , and aromatic compounds from different types of environments such as water and soil. Laccase is used a an eco-friendly biocatalyst in the process of bioremediation.However, its effectiveness has been limited because of its protein stability.

Laccase have good catalytic oxidation abilities and are extremely high sensitivity to environmental conditions. This means the stability of laccase under natural conditions is poor. One way to improve protein stability of laccase is enzyme immobilization. Enzyme immobilization is a common method to improve enzyme stability and endow the enzyme with reusability.

Fungal Laccase
Fungal laccases are triggered by nitrogen depletion .Laccases produced from fungus  are involved in various processes including sporulation, pigment production , and even stress defence. Laccase can be found in fungi such as : Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes , and Basidiomycetes. Fungal laccase can catalyze the oxidation of a wide variety of organic and inorganic substrates including phenols, ketones, phosphates, ascorbate, amines and lignin.

Food Industry
Laccase is used in the food industry. Laccase is a highly valued enzyme,specifically during the biorefining processes for its ability to degrade lignin naturally [6]. It is also used in other processes used in the food industry such as stabilization of wine and beer,baking,and even beverage processing. In the stabilization of wine, it acts as a physical - chemical absorbent. It removes phenol groups in wine that are responsible for haze formation and browning.Laccase stabilizes beer by removing oxygen at the end of the beer production process. It is used to remove unwanted oxygen in finished beer. This result in a greater storage life for beer as well.

Textile Industry
Laccase is used in the textile industry. For example, it can be used for bleaching of textiles. Laccase essentially oxidizes and breaks down both phenolic and non-phenolic lignin units. Both of which are bleached during chemical bleaching. This results in kappa reduction and increased pulp brightness.Furthermore, laccase in the textile industry can also be used in the degradation of lignin, starch removal ,and even decolourizing of dyes.

Paper Industry
Laccase is used in the paper industry to depolymerize lignin and delignify certain parts of the biopolpation process (ex. wood pulps, chlorine-free , and kraft pulp fibers). Articles Used:

Articles Used:4

1) Laccases: structure, function, and potential application in water bioremediation

2) Laccase,Properties, catalytic mechanism, and applicability

3) Biotechnological and Industrial Applications of Laccase: A Review