User:Kubalr13/clinical psychopathology/dumping ground

Hugo Munsterberg

Background:Hugo Munsterberg was born June 1, 1863 in Danzig and received his Ph.D. in physiological psychology in 1885 at University of Leipzig under Wundt's supervision. He decided to study medicine and received his medical degree in 1887 at the University of Heidelberg. He also passed an examination that enabled him to lecture as a privatdocent at University of Freiburg where he started a psychology laboratory.

Career: In 1891, he was promoted to assistant professorship and attended the First International Congress of psychology where he met William James. In 1892, James invited him to Harvard for a three year term as chair of the psychology lab even though Munsterberg did not speak English at the time.

Important Contributions: Father of forensic psychology by applying psychology to the legal field and wrote several papers on forensic psychology. Similarities between James's theory of emotion and Munsterberg's analysis of voluntary behavior. In both cases, conscious experience is the result of behavior. Wrote Psychology and the Market (1909) that suggested that psychology could be used in many different industrial applications including management, vocational decisions, advertising, job performance and employee motivation. This was one of the original industrial organizational psychology papers.

Mary Whiton Calkins

Background: Mary Whiton Calkins was born March 30, 1863 in Harford, Connecticut and while she took graduate coursework under James at Harvard, she did not receive her Ph.D. She declined a Ph.D. program at Radcliffe because it was not relevant to her studies.

Career: Mary Calkins worked her way up at Wellesley college from a professor of psychology up to a research professor when she retired in 1929. In 1905 she was elected president of the American Psychological Association and in 1918 the president of the American Philosophical Association. In 1909 she was offered a Doctor of Letters from Columbia and in 1910 a Doctors of Laws from Smith College.

Important Contributions: Calkins performed extensive dream research with Sanford and was cited by Sigmund Freud in his own dream analyses. She noted the similarities between waking-life and dream life. She also developed self-psychology from her time with James Baldwin and Josiah Royce at Harvard. Self-psychology suggests that the self is an active agent that behaves consciously and purposefully. While at Harvard, Calkins invented the paired-associate technique, a research method where colors are paired with numbers, and the colors are presented again for recall.

G. Stanley Hall

Background: Granville Stanley Hall was born on February 1, 1844 in Ashfield, Massachusetts. He graduated from Williams College in 1867 and began studies at the Union Theological Seminary. He was inspired by William Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology and earned the first Ph.D. in psychology in America from Harvard under William James. He then studied at the University of Berlin and spent a brief time in Wundt's Leipzig laboratory in 1879.

Career: He taught English and philosophy at Antioch college and then history of philosophy at Williams College. He then moved to teach psychology and pedagogy in the Johns Hopkins philosophy department after a successful lecture series at Harvard and Johns Hopkins University. From 1882 - 1888 he taught at Johns Hopkins and began the first formal American Psychology Laboratory in 1883.

Important Contributions: Argued that the traditional high school courses - Latin, History, Mathematics, Science - were the wrong approach to high school. Believed that education needed to be for adolescents not for the preparation of college. In 1887 he founded the American Journal of Psychology and in 1892 he was selected as the first president of the American Psychological Association. From 1889 - 1920 he served as the first president of Clark University where he developed educational psychology and attempted to determine the effect of adolescence on education. He invited Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to visit and deliver a lecture series in 1909 at the Clark Conference.

Francis Cecil Summer

Background: Francis Cecil Sumner was born December 7, 1895 in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. He did not attend high school but began studies at Lincoln College in 1911 after completing an entrance exam. In 1915, at the age of 20, Sumner graduated magna cum laude with honors in English, modern languages, Greek, Latin and Philosophy. Sumner attended Clark University where he was mentored by G. Stanley Hall. In 1916, Sumner graduated from Clark with a B.A. in English. He began graduate work at Clark in 1916 and in 1917 he was approved as a Ph.D. candidate for psychology but could not begin his dissertation because he was drafted into the army during World War I. In the summer of 1919, he returned to Clark University and on June 14, 1920 his dissertation "Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler" was accepted and he became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology.

Career: Sumner focused much of his research on refuting racism and bias in theories against African Americans in response to the Eurocentric methods of psychology. He trained Kenneth B. Clark, a social psychologist and influential figure in the civil rights movement. He taught psychology and philosophy at Wilberforce University, Southern University, and West Virginia Collegiate Institute. From 1928 - 1954 he served as chair of the psychology department at Howard University where he, along with Max Meenes and Frederick P. Watts, developed the psychology department.

Important Contributions: He served as the official abstractor for Psychological Bulletin and Journal of Social Psychology and used his linguistic background to translate numerous articles from French, German and Spanish. Sumner's "claim to fame" is the "Father of Black Psychology" because he was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology. He dedicated much of his life's work to eliminating the bias in the psychological theories of the time.

John Dewey

Background: John Dewey was born October 20, 1859 in Burlington, Vermont. In 1879 he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Vermont. After two years as a high-school teacher and one year as an elementary school teacher, Dewey began studies at Johns Hopkins University. He studied with George Sylvester Morris, Charles Sanders Peirce, Herbert Baxter Adams, and G. Stanley Hall and received his Ph.D. in 1884 with his unpublished and now lost dissertation, "The Psychology of Kant".

Career: He taught at University of Michigan from 1884-1888 and 1889-1894. In 1894 he joined the University of Chicago where he developed his belief in an empirically based theory of knowledge and the newly emerging Pragmatic philosophy. Ultimately, disagreements with the administration led Dewey to resign from the University of Chicago and he was elected president of the American Psychological association in 1899. From 1904 - 1930 he was a professor of philosophy at Columbia University and Columbia University's Teachers College. In 1905 he became president of the American Philosophical Association.

Important Contributions: Dewey founded The New School with Charles A. Beard, James Harvey Robinson and Thorstein Veblen. At University of Chicago he initiated the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools where he was able to actualize the pedagogical beliefs that provided material for his first major work on education, The School and Social Progress (1899). His two most significant writings are "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896) a basis of all further work and "Democracy and Education" (1916) on progressive education. However, Dewey published more than 700 articles in 140 journals and approximately 40 books. His mass of work is unparalleled.

James Rowland Angell

Background:

Angell was born in Burlington, Vermont on May 8, 1969 to a renowned academic family. He earned his Bachelor's degree in 1890 from the University of Michigan, and studied under John Dewey to receive his Master's in 1891. Angell went to Harvard where he earned a second master's in psychology in 1892, while working with William James. He then went to Berlin and Halle, where he worked toward his doctorate, writing his dissertation on the treatment of freedom in Kant. While in Europe, he attended lectures by Ebbinghaus and Helmholtz. However, he never earned his doctorate for failure to make requested stylistic changes.

Career:

He first took a post at the University of Minnesota, but moved to the University of Chicago after being offered a post by John Dewey. There, he coauthored a paper with his colleague Addison W. Moore that laid the foundations for Functionalism. In 1904, while still at Chicago, Angell published Psychology; An Introductory Study of the Structure and Functions of Human Consciousness. This became a major statement for the functionalist approach to psychology. In 1905, Angell became the head of the newly created department of psychology at the University of Chicago, and the president of the American Psychological Association. During this period, Angell supervised John B. Watson and Harvey Carr. In 1921, he took up presidency at Yale, where he remained until his retirement in 1937.

Contributions to Psychology:

Angell is identified with John Dewey and functional psychology, and he is notable for his three major points about functionalism. First, psychologists should not concern themselves with mental elements themselves. Rather, mental activity should be studied in the context of evolution to deal with the conditions of the current environment. Second, mental functions work as a liaison between an organism's need and its external environment, and consequently aid in the survival of the organism. Third, mental functions cannot and should not be studied separately from behavior. The study of mental functions is only useful in as far as it can describe the relationship between mental function and the environment.

Harvey Carr

Background:

Harvey Carr was born on April 30, 1873. He received his B.S. from the University of Colorado in 1901 and his M.S. in 1902. He worked at the University of Chicago with John Dewey and John B. Watson. He also studied under James Rowland Angell and received his Ph.D. in 1905.

Career:

Carr took over as head of the animal laboratory at Chicago, after John Watson left the post. In 1919, Carr took over as head of the psychology department. Carr began teaching at Chicago in 1926 where he directed the experimental psychology laboratory. He also served as president of the American Psychological Association.

Contributions to Psychology:

In 1907, Carr performed the famous kerplunk experiment with John B. Watson. The experiment, conducted on rats, showed how to turn voluntary motor responses into a conditioned response. In 1925, Carr published Psychology: A Study of Mental Activity. This book was able to organize all of the ideas of the functionalist school of psychology because functionalism was accepted as the current school of thought. Additionally, with Carr as department head, the psychology department at Chicago awarded 150 doctoral degrees between the years 1919 and 1938.

Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley

Background:

Helen Bradford Thompson was born on November 6, 1874 in Englewood, Illinois. She received her Bachelor's degree from the University of Chicago in 1897. In 1900, Thompson graduated from the University of Chicago with her Ph.D. in experimental psychology. Her dissertation was the first to study differences between the sexes.

Career:

In 1901, Thompson took up a teaching position at Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts. In 1905, she left her post to marry Paul Gerhardt Woolley, MD, and Thompson adopted the name Helen Thompson Woolley. In 1921, Woolley moved to the Merrill-Palmer School in Detroit, Michigan. Here she co-developed the Merrill-Palmer Mental Scale for Children. In 1926, Woolley moved to the Child Welfare Institute of the Teacher's College at Columbia University. In 1930, Woolley resigned from the Teacher's College due to a serious mental breakdown from which she never recovered.

Contributions:

Woolley's dissertation was the first study to challenge Darwin's claim that women were biologically inferior to men. The study compared the motor abilities, sensory thresholds, intellectual abilities, and personality traits of men and women, finding men superior in some aspects and women in others. From this study, Woolley then became one of the earliest psychologists to claim that environment and society played a significant role in the formation personality. She also co-developed the Merrill-Palmer Mental Scale for Children.

James McKeen Cattell

Background:

James McKeen Cattell was born on May 25, 1860 in Easton, Pennsylvania. In 1883, Cattell graduated with an M.A. from Lafayette College. Francis Andrew March, a philologist was a significant influence on Cattell during this time period. Cattell moved to Germany for his graduate studies, where he studied under Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig and Hermann Lotze at the University of Gottingen. Cattell received his Ph.D. under Wundt in 1886, and he was the first American to publish a dissertation in psychology. Cattell was willing to go against conventions, as evident by his experimental use of hashish.

Career:

After received his Ph.D., Cattell took up a teaching post at the University of Cambridge. In 1889, he took up a teaching position at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1891, he moved to the University of Columbia were he took up the position of head of the department of psychology, anthropology, and philosophy. He was also president of the American Psychological Association.

Contributions to Psychology:

Cattell was the first American psychologist to emphasize the statistical analysis of quantifiable results. He worked hard to establish psychology as a hard science that could be separated into individual, measurable units. Cattell was also one of the earliest proponents of mental tests. To him, tests of intelligence and cognitive ability on large numbers of people were a way to make psychology measurable. Probably his single greatest contribution to American psychology was Cattell's work as an ambassador of psychology. He worked to promote the applications of psychology to make the field more relevant.

Leta Stetter Hollingworth'': She was born May 25, 1886 in Dawes County, Nebraska. Her postsecondary education included undergraduate education at the age of 16 at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, where she met Harry Hollingworth, who she eventually married in 1908. Because she was married, she was unable to teach in New York City, and instead pursued a Masters in Education at Columbia. After working as an intelligence test administrator, she achieved her Ph.D under E.L. Thorndike at Columbia in 1916. She worked as a psychologist for the Civil Service in New York administering IQ tests and then became chief of the psychology lab at Bellevue Hospital. After earning her Ph.D, she accepted a position at Columbia Teacher's College and trained clinical psychologists. Her continued work at Bellevue included establishing the Classification Clinic for Adolescents and becoming principal of its School of Exceptional Children. Her work in psychology focused mainly on children and intelligence, particularly those who fell at extreme ends of the spectrum. Her ideas were similar to those of Lewis Terman, though she was mainly responsible for getting educational policies pushed through that provided attention to gifted children. However, counter to his belief that intelligence is inherited, Hollingworth thought that environmental and familial factors also played a role and so pushed ideas that would properly develop gifted children. Her work with children that were perceived to be at the other end of the intelligence scale led to the realization that many of those children only had problems adjusting to adolescence, and not a particularly low IQ. She published The Psychology of the Adolescent, which became the leading textbook on the subject. She conducted longitudinal studies involving gifted children, where she emphasized proper interaction with subjects of a study, as opposed to the hands off approach used by many researchers at the time. Her school at Bellevue received special attention for focusing on a curriculum that encouraged students to engage and learn about the world around them--pursuing food, shelter, transportation--while having a demographic mix that was modeled after that of a typical New York public school. She also studied women in society, and the results of her studies served to highlight that many of the inequalities that were faced by women at that time stemmed from the social norms leveled against them. She wanted to change the notion that women were less intelligent than men and that they were not psychologically impaired by their menstrual periods.

Harry Hollingworth: He was born in 1880 in Dewitt, Nebraska. After teaching for two years following his graduation from high school and attending prep school for five more, he was able to attend the University of Nebraska-Lincoln at the age of 23, where he met his future wife, Leta Stetter Hollingworth. He was accepted to assistantship at Columbia University under James McKeen Cattell and completed his Ph.D the following year. Following completion of his Ph.D, Hollingworth took a teaching position at Barnard College, though he had to work odd jobs here and there to make ends meet, including a lecture series on the psychology of advertising. In 1911, the Coca Cola Company hired him to study the effects of caffeine on human beings in order to counter a lawsuit levied on them by the Pure Food and Drug Act. During World War I, he was hired by the Surgeon General's office to counsel soldiers returning from war. In 1927, he was elected president of the American Psychological Association. Most of his work was done in applied psychology for business and industry. His study on caffeine's psychological effects was remarkable for the time because of its use of single- and double-blind procedures. This had never been done in psychological research before. Following his work with returning soldiers of WWI, he published one of the first books on clinical psychology, The Psychology of Functional Neurosis.

Robert S. Woodworth: He was born October 17, 1869. Though originally planning to be a minister, after taking a psychology class during his senior year at Amherst, he began to consider a career in psychology. After attending a lecture by G.S. Hall and reading James' Principles of Psychology, he enrolled at Harvard as a psychology student. There, he studied under William James and became friends with E.L. Thorndike and W.B. Cannon. He earned his Ph.D under J.M. Cattell in 1899 at Columbia. He worked as a psychology assistant at Harvard Medical School prior to being accepted into Cattell's Ph.D program. Woodworth worked a fellowship with Charles Sherrington at the University of Liverpool in 1902, but returned to Columbia to work for the rest of his life. In the summer of 1912, he worked with Oswald Külpe in a fellowship studying imageless thoughts. He was known for discouraging the emphasis on separation of the races in empirical results. He instead placed weight on individual differences and said that characteristics of race are not really measurable. During World War 1, he was asked to study shell shock by the American Psychological Association in hopes of finding a way to prevent it. This resulted in the generation of the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet, which is often called the first personality test. It was later developed into an inventory specially designed to measure neuroticism. Woodworth published Psychology: a study of mental life and Experimental Psychology, which became definitive psychology texts for decades to come. His theory of stimulus-organism-response says that organisms have different responses to stimuli depending on the state that they're in.

Robert Yerkes: He was born May 26, 1876 in Breadysville, Pennsylvania. His desire to become a physician led him to attend Ursinus College for undergrad and then pursued graduate work in biology at Harvard, from which he received his Ph.D in comparative psychology in 1902. He served as assistant professor of comparative psychology at Harvard and also taught general psychology at Radcliffe College. He also worked as head of psychological research at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital. He was a paid officer of the United States National Research Council following World War 1. He became professor of psychobiology at Yale University in 1924 and founded their laboratory on Primate Biology, which moved to Emory University upon his death and now bears his name. During his tenure as president of the American Psychological Association, he recommended research to aid the war effort during WWI. He developed the Army's Alpha and Beta intelligence tests. However, these tests returned results concluding that new immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe were less intelligent than older ones from Northern Europe, and this lead to a eugenics movement attempting to restrict immigration. He did a substantial amount of work with chimpanzees, including having them live in a somewhat human environment.

Lillian Moller Gilbreth: She was born May 24, 1878 in Oakland, California. She obtained an undergraduate degree in literature from the University of California-Berkeley and started masters work at Columbia, including psychology courses with E.L. Thorndike. She completed her masters at Berkeley in literature and began work on a doctorate in 1911. However, she moved with her family to New England and obtained the first ever Ph.D awarded in industrial psychology at Brown University. She worked for Johnson & Johnson and Macy's during the Great Depression to help improve women's spending and product image. Gilbreth worked with her husband at Gilbreth Inc., which studied time and motion. She held several positions within the government involving education and labor, with a focus on women's needs. She taught at several universities, including becoming the first female engineering professor at Purdue University and holding a resident lecturer position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is considered to be the first American engineer to weave together psychology and scientific management. She and her husband taught a course on motion study in order to teach those working in industry to understand the benefits and uses of scientific management in industry, which included instruction on the proper use of the scientific method. She also came up with the idea of putting shelves in refrigerator doors after study of what housewives found most useful and necessary in the home.