User:Kubalr13/sandbox

Hugo Munsterberg

Background:Hugo Munsterberg was born June 1, 1863 in Danzig and received his Ph.D. in physiological psychology in 1885 at University of Leipzig under Wundt's supervision. He decided to study medicine and received his medical degree in 1887 at the University of Heidelberg. He also passed an examination that enabled him to lecture as a privatdocent at University of Freiburg where he started a psychology laboratory.

Career: In 1891, he was promoted to assistant professorship and attended the First International Congress of psychology where he met William James. In 1892, James invited him to Harvard for a three year term as chair of the psychology lab even though Munsterberg did not speak English at the time.

Important Contributions: Father of forensic psychology by applying psychology to the legal field and wrote several papers on forensic psychology. Similarities between James's theory of emotion and Munsterberg's analysis of voluntary behavior. In both cases, conscious experience is the result of behavior. Wrote Psychology and the Market (1909) that suggested that psychology could be used in many different industrial applications including management, vocational decisions, advertising, job performance and employee motivation. This was one of the original industrial organizational psychology papers.

Mary Whiton Calkins

Background: Mary Whiton Calkins was born March 30, 1863 in Harford, Connecticut and while she took graduate coursework under James at Harvard, she did not receive her Ph.D. She declined a Ph.D. program at Radcliffe because it was not relevant to her studies.

Career: Mary Calkins worked her way up at Wellesley college from a professor of psychology up to a research professor when she retired in 1929. In 1905 she was elected president of the American Psychological Association and in 1918 the president of the American Philosophical Association. In 1909 she was offered a Doctor of Letters from Columbia and in 1910 a Doctors of Laws from Smith College.

Important Contributions: Calkins performed extensive dream research with Sanford and was cited by Sigmund Freud in his own dream analyses. She noted the similarities between waking-life and dream life. She also developed self-psychology from her time with James Baldwin and Josiah Royce at Harvard. Self-psychology suggests that the self is an active agent that behaves consciously and purposefully. While at Harvard, Calkins invented the paired-associate technique, a research method where colors are paired with numbers, and the colors are presented again for recall.

G. Stanley Hall

Background: Granville Stanley Hall was born on February 1, 1844 in Ashfield, Massachusetts. He graduated from Williams College in 1867 and began studies at the Union Theological Seminary. He was inspired by William Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology and earned the first Ph.D. in psychology in America from Harvard under William James. He then studied at the University of Berlin and spent a brief time in Wundt's Leipzig laboratory in 1879.

Career: He taught English and philosophy at Antioch college and then history of philosophy at Williams College. He then moved to teach psychology and pedagogy in the Johns Hopkins philosophy department after a successful lecture series at Harvard and Johns Hopkins University. From 1882 - 1888 he taught at Johns Hopkins and began the first formal American Psychology Laboratory in 1883.

Important Contributions: Argued that the traditional high school courses - Latin, History, Mathematics, Science - were the wrong approach to high school. Believed that education needed to be for adolescents not for the preparation of college. In 1887 he founded the American Journal of Psychology and in 1892 he was selected as the first president of the American Psychological Association. From 1889 - 1920 he served as the first president of Clark University where he developed educational psychology and attempted to determine the effect of adolescence on education. He invited Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to visit and deliver a lecture series in 1909 at the Clark Conference.

Francis Cecil Summer

Background: Francis Cecil Sumner was born December 7, 1895 in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. He did not attend high school but began studies at Lincoln College in 1911 after completing an entrance exam. In 1915, at the age of 20, Sumner graduated magna cum laude with honors in English, modern languages, Greek, Latin and Philosophy. Sumner attended Clark University where he was mentored by G. Stanley Hall. In 1916, Sumner graduated from Clark with a B.A. in English. He began graduate work at Clark in 1916 and in 1917 he was approved as a Ph.D. candidate for psychology but could not begin his dissertation because he was drafted into the army during World War I. In the summer of 1919, he returned to Clark University and on June 14, 1920 his dissertation "Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler" was accepted and he became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology.

Career: Sumner focused much of his research on refuting racism and bias in theories against African Americans in response to the Eurocentric methods of psychology. He trained Kenneth B. Clark, a social psychologist and influential figure in the civil rights movement. He taught psychology and philosophy at Wilberforce University, Southern University, and West Virginia Collegiate Institute. From 1928 - 1954 he served as chair of the psychology department at Howard University where he, along with Max Meenes and Frederick P. Watts, developed the psychology department.

Important Contributions: He served as the official abstractor for Psychological Bulletin and Journal of Social Psychology and used his linguistic background to translate numerous articles from French, German and Spanish. Sumner's "claim to fame" is the "Father of Black Psychology" because he was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology. He dedicated much of his life's work to eliminating the bias in the psychological theories of the time.

John Dewey

Background: John Dewey was born October 20, 1859 in Burlington, Vermont. In 1879 he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Vermont. After two years as a high-school teacher and one year as an elementary school teacher, Dewey began studies at Johns Hopkins University. He studied with George Sylvester Morris, Charles Sanders Peirce, Herbert Baxter Adams, and G. Stanley Hall and received his Ph.D. in 1884 with his unpublished and now lost dissertation, "The Psychology of Kant".

Career: He taught at University of Michigan from 1884-1888 and 1889-1894. In 1894 he joined the University of Chicago where he developed his belief in an empirically based theory of knowledge and the newly emerging Pragmatic philosophy. Ultimately, disagreements with the administration led Dewey to resign from the University of Chicago and he was elected president of the American Psychological association in 1899. From 1904 - 1930 he was a professor of philosophy at Columbia University and Columbia University's Teachers College. In 1905 he became president of the American Philosophical Association.

Important Contributions: Dewey founded The New School with Charles A. Beard, James Harvey Robinson and Thorstein Veblen. At University of Chicago he initiated the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools where he was able to actualize the pedagogical beliefs that provided material for his first major work on education, The School and Social Progress (1899). His two most significant writings are "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896) a basis of all further work and "Democracy and Education" (1916) on progressive education. However, Dewey published more than 700 articles in 140 journals and approximately 40 books. His mass of work is unparalleled.