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= Land Records Information Management System Impacts in Nepal = Abstract

Department of Land Management and Archive (DOLMA) undertakes land reform, administration, and management functions in Nepal. It was a long history in Nepalese land administration and incessantly improved its performance from a manual system to an electronic system. It acts as arbitrator, safe guarder for the land ownership, tenancy rights, keeper of land ownership records and organ for collection of revenue (registration fees, service charges), and an administrator for the land management. Altogether, 110 Land Revenue Offices and 21 Land Reform and Land Revenue offices are over the country (DOLMA, 2022). Issues challenged during the pandemic in Land Records Information Management System (LRIMS) e-governance initiatives are e-readiness, segregated government policies, low connectivity, government’s will, and stand, infrastructure and access, ICT education, and cyber security, server management, and big data.

Delivering transparent, efficient, and effective land-related services to the citizens is the main objective of the Government during the Covid-19 pandemic. Learning, innovations, and reforms in e-governance initiatives LRIMS specific objectives are – I, to identify the situation of LRIMS e-governance on public land administration during pandemics II, to understand the impact of LRIMS in public affairs III, to analyze policies relating to the land information system in Nepal during a pandemic. Land Records Information Management System in Nepal is the e-governance initiative in respective of IT Policy, 2072 and land management laws and bylaws.

Accelerating e-governance is managed through planning, building, running, monitoring, and governed through direction, evaluation, and monitoring. Deliver, Service, and support (DSS) COBIT 2019 framework (ISACA, 2019) and stage model of policy processing – identification of problems, agenda-setting, policy formulation, adoption, policy legitimation, policy implementation, and policy evaluation – is used. Public choice theory and game theory are conceptualized in this paper. LRIMS is facing problems and challenges seen in system implementation due to overcrowding servers, having to operate the dual system, not having adequate skilled manpower, getting interruptions in the network, and not having adequate physical infrastructures. Even though, e-governance initiatives became outstanding tools and services to support people at local levels of the Government of Nepal during a pandemic. This paper identifies, understands, and analyzes the impacts of different aspects of LRIMS on e-governance initiatives during pandemics.

Key Terms: e-governance, LRIMS, Stage model, public policy, public choice theory, game theory, DSS, Covid-19 pandemic

Introduction and Policy Issues
Department of Land Management and Archive (DOLMA, 2022) under the Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation is the only Department of Government of Nepal (GoN) which undertakes Land Reform, Land Administration and Management functions through its nations wide distributed district land revenue offices, also known as Mal Adda or Malpot. This office has passed a long history in Nepalese land administration and incessant improving its performance from manual system to electronic. DOLRM is the arbitrator, safe guarder for the land ownership, tenancy rights, keeper of land ownership records and organ for collection of revenue (registration fees, service charges) and administrator for the land management. Execution of these activities is geared towards increment of productivity, poverty alleviation and better environmental protection. There are 110 Land Revenue Offices and 21 Land Reform and Land Revenue offices all over the country. Delivering transparent, efficient, and effective land related services to the citizens is the main objective of any Government. In 21st Century, this can be easily achieved through e-service. ADB Granted ICT Development Project entitled Land Records Information Management System (LRIMS) that automates the land administration’s functions of fourteen land revenue offices, namely Dillibazar, Chabahil, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kalanki, Kavre, Dhading, Kaski, Baglung, Banke, Chitwan, Makwanpur, Parsa, Morang-Biratnagar. The main objective of this project is to provide citizen centric land related services through a web-based application installed in Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC) and DOLRM (as standby backup) and to make the information easily accessible to land owners and related authorities. Similarly department has implemented Citizen Charter with Compensation in twenty district land revenue offices: Dillibazar‚ Kalanki‚ Chabahil‚ Lalitpur‚ Bhaktapur‚ Kaski‚ Morang‚ Parsa‚ Dhanusa‚ Bhadrapur‚ Chitwan‚ Sunsari‚ Makwanpur ‚ Dang‚ Banke‚ Kailali‚ Bardiya‚ Kavre‚ Rupandehi and Kanchanpur) from Baishakh 2, 2070 B.S., 15 other offices Damak (Jhapa), Morang (Morang), Udayapur, Siraha, Lahan (Siraha), Saptari, Mahottari, Sarlahi, Bara, Dhading, Tanahu, Nawalparasi, Kawasoti (Nawalparasi), Surkhet, Tikapur from Bhadra, 2070 B.S. and 13 other offices Dhankuta, Khotang, Sindhuli, Rautahat, Sindhupalchowk, Sankhu (Kathmandu), Manmaiju(Kathmandu), Syanja, Palpa, Kapilvastu, Baglung, Doti and Okhaldhunga from 2072 Asar 15, 2072 B.S. for delivering effective and prompt service (DOLMA, 2022).

Issues needed to address in prevailing policies.

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 * E-readiness related challenges
 * Segregated government policies and strategies
 * Low connectivity
 * Early-stage development of e-government
 * Governments weak will and stand
 * Inadequate infrastructure and access
 * Inadequate ICT education
 * Cyber security issues
 * Server management issues
 * Big data related issues