User:Kurtis/Italian Empire

Italian Eritrea
Nocra prison and concentration camp

Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa.

Italian Somaliland
Governed by Cesare Maria De Vecchi from 1923 to 1928, who used Dubats to pacify any resistance.

Jubaland concession from the British Empire; Italian Trans-Juba.

Danane concentration camp.

Sultanate of Hobyo; Omar Samatar's Rebellion.


 * This page and the three directly following it go into detail about Italian atrocities committed in Italian Somaliland.


 * Chapter dealing with Ethiopian war preparations from Italian Somaliland (same as under Italian Ethiopia subheader below).


 * A page discussing Italy's campaign against local sultanates. Another part of that same book describes Somaliland as a plantation colony used for exporting bananas and especially cotton; local Somalis were coerced into working for the colonists, assuming they had resisted economic incentives for doing so.


 * This page and the next also talk about Somaliland under Fascist rule.


 * Even Mussolini was shocked by the brutality of De Vecchi's rule.


 * Pg. 152-157 details the conflict with "Shaykh Farag". According to this blog, his full name is "Ibrahim Mohamed Farag", an Eritrean (more reliable sources forthcoming).


 * Clashes occurred on border areas between the Italian and French colonial possessions during the 1936 Invasion of Ethiopia and World War II.


 * Page dealing with the Biamal and Ashraaf Revolts. The Biamal who live in southern Somalia are part of the Dir clan.


 * A whole chapter from a book detailing Somalia under Fascist Italian rule.


 * This book alludes to a racist doctrine known as the "Bertello Contract". Reliable sources forthcoming.


 * Three pages, starting with this one, dealing with Italian colonial policy and exports.


 * Brief outline of Fascist Italian expansionism in the Horn of Africa.


 * Guido Corni replaced De Vecchi as governor of Italian Somaliland in 1928.

Italian Ethiopia
Tito Minniti, Yekatit 12


 * Chapter dealing with war preparations from Italian Somaliland (same as under the subheader above).

Italian Libya
Tripolitania was governed by Giuseppe Volpi from 1921-1925 and by Emilio De Bono from 1925-1928. Pietro Badoglio ruled over Tripolitania and the newly captured Cyrenaica from 1928-1933. General Rodolfo Graziani was heavily involved in military operations throughout this period, earning him the monicker "Butcher of Libya".

The situation from 1934 through to the end of Fascist rule over Libya is covered in this subsection of the main article.

Rebellion and pacification
Omar Mukhtar, Pacification of Libya, Italian concentration camps in Libya, Pietro Badoglio


 * This reference, as well as this one, goes into detail regarding Italian atrocities against the Libyan people.


 * This page deals with expropriations during the pacification.


 * Another link that deals with the pacification, albeit on a more local level.


 * This page (as well as the one following it) give statistics and describe Fascist intentions for their North African colony.


 * An account of Fascist atrocities that gives an overall death toll of 500,000+ in Libya during the pacification (this might be an exaggeration). It also describes the Italian settlements and the marginalization of the local Libyan population.


 * Three different sources that mention the Italian usage of mustard gas against Libyan resistance. One mentions the additional use of phosphene and gives specific timeframes; another mentions an incident at an oasis where 24 mustard gas bombs were deployed against rebels.


 * This page details Italy's interest in Libya and the policies implemented under De Bono's leadership.


 * A little bit more detail about Italian tactics.


 * Two pages from the same book describing Italian pacification campaigns in even greater detail. This particular source is likely the most accurate and thorough of the ones listed here.

Italian Aegean Islands
Governed by Mario Lago from 1922-1936, and by Cesare Maria De Vecchi from 1936 to 1940.


 * Lago's rule was characterized by economic prosperity and the promotion of cultural diversity. From his main article: "He was able to integrate the Greek, Turkish and Ladino Jewish communities of the island of Rhodes with the Italian colonists. He also encouraged intermarriage with local Greeks. This period constituted what might in retrospective be called the "Golden Age" of the Italian Dodecanese, with the economy booming and a relatively harmonious society. "


 * De Vecchi, on the other hand, was far less tolerant.