User:Kyiphyunyein/sandbox

Definition
An Industrial/Organizational consultant helps clients and organizations improve productivity and create an optimal working environment through human capital consulting and strategies. Areas of consulting include but are not limited to selection and recruiting, training, leadership, and development, compensation and benefits, employee relations, performance management, succession planning, and executive coaching. .

Types of consultants
Consultants can be categorized as internal or external to an organization. An internal consultant is someone who is working specifically for an organization that he or she is a part of whereas an external consultant can be either a sole proprietor or an employee of a consulting firm who is hired by another organization on a project basis or for a certain period of time. There are different types of I/O consultants: (1) internal corporate consultant, (2) independent external consultant, (3) external consultant in a small firm, (4) external consultant in a large firm, (5) external consultant in a research group, (6) internal consultant in a research unit within a large firm, and (7) internal consultant in a large government organization.

Services consultants offer
Kurpius (1978; as cited in Hedge & Borman, 2009) gave four general types of consultation: (1) services and products (e.g., selection tools); (2) collecting information and helping the organization identify and solve the problem; (3) collaborating with the client to design and plan changes in the organization; and (4) helping the client implement the changes and incorporate them into the organizational culture. Consultants offer these consulting services to all kinds of organizations, such as profit and nonprofit sectors, public and private sectors, and a government organization.

Pros and cons
Like any other careers, there are many benefits and downsides of consulting. Some advantages are substantial material rewards, trust and respect from clients, and personal satisfaction. Some disadvantages are traveling (the number one complaint of all I/O consultants), uncertainty in business especially for external consultants, and marginality which is not belonging to any group or organization that the consultant works for.

Competencies of an I/O consultant
There are many different sets of competencies for different areas of consulting and different types of consultants. For example, a consultant specializing in selection and recruiting should have expertise in finding the best talent for the organization and getting everyone on board while he or she might not need to know much about executive coaching. Some consultants tend to specialize in specific areas of consulting whereas others tend to generalize their areas of expertise. However, Cummings and Worley (2009) claimed that there are basic skills and knowledge, which most consultants agree, needed to be effective consultants: (1) intrapersonal skills, (2) interpersonal skills, and (3) general consultation skills. Intrapersonal skills include knowing consultants’ own values and goals, integrity to work responsibly and ethically, and active as well as continuous learning. Interpersonal skills include listening skills, facilitating skills, and building and maintaining relationships. These interpersonal skills are especially important because regardless of how innovative the consultant’s idea is, if the client does not understand it or does not trust the consultant, the client is not going to accept that idea. General consulting skills are those being able to execute different stages of consulting which will be discussed in the following section titled "Stages of I/O Consulting".

Stages of I/O consulting
Block (2011) identified five stages of consulting: (1) entry and contracting, (2) discovery and diagnosis, (3) analysis and planning, (4) engagement and implementation, and (5) extension or termination.

Entry and contracting
This stage is where the consultant makes the initial contact with the client about the project, and it includes setting up the first meeting, exploring more about the project and the client, roles, responsibilities, and expectations about the consultant, the client, and the project, and whether the consultant’s expertise and experience fit with what the client wants out of the project. This is the most important part of the consulting, and most consultants agree that most mistakes in the project can essentially be traced back to the faulty contracting stage.

Discovery and diagnosis
This stage is where the consultant makes his or her own judgment about the problem identified by the client and about the project. Sometimes, the problem presented by the client is not the actual problem but a symptom of a true cause. Then, the consultant collects more information about the situation.

Analysis and planning
This stage is where the consultant analyzes the data and presents the results to the client. The consultant needs to reduce a large amount of data into a manageable size and present them to the client in a clear and simple way. After presenting the results, the consultant helps the client make plans and goals for actions to be taken as a next step to solve the identified problem.

Engagement and implementation
This stage sometimes falls entirely on the client or the organization, and the consultant’s job might be completed at the end of third stage. However, it is important for the consultant to be present at the fourth stage since without implementing the changes suggested by the consultant, the problem is not likely to be solved. Moreover, despite how good the consultant’s advice might be, employees are actually the ones who need to live the changes. So, in this fourth stage, the consultant needs to get everyone on board with the changes and help implement the changes.

Extension or termination
This final stage is where the consultant and the client evaluate the project, and it is usually the most neglected yet important stage. Then, the project is completed or extended depending on the client’s needs.

Ethics of an I/O Consultant
In the consulting field, it is important for the consultant to maintain high ethical standards in all aspects of relationships: consultant to client, consultant to consultant, and client to consultant. After all, all decisions made and actions taken by the consultant will reflect what kind of consultant he or she is. Although ethical situations can be more intricate in the business world, American Psychology Association (APA)’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct can be applied to I/O consultants as well. For example, the consultant should only accept projects for which he or she is qualified; the consultant should also avoid all conflicts of interest and being in multiple relationships with those he or she is working with. On the other hand, some might disagree that it is the consultant’s responsibility to actively promote the application of moral and ethical standards in the consultation and examine ethical issues in organizational decisions and policies. It is an ongoing controversial issue in the consulting field. In addition, as more and more organizations are becoming global, it is imperative for consultants working abroad to quickly become aware of rules, regulations, and cultures of the organizations and countries they are in as well as not to ignore ethical standards and codes just because they are abroad.

Future trends of I/O consulting
Teachout and Vequist (2008) identified driving forces affecting future trends in the business consulting: (1) changes in the market conditions, (2) competition for market share and talent, (3) changes in customer demands, (4) changes in technology and innovation, (5) increase in costs, especially in energy and health sectors, and (6) globalization. They also discussed three trends in the field as a result of these forces – people, process, and technology.

Human capital or people
In terms of human capital or people consulting, there are major forces for future trends: (1) lack of competencies in STEM and communication fields, (2) aging of workforce, resulting in the loss of experience and expertise in organizations, (3) increasing and aggressive competition for talent, (4) increase in project- or contract-based workforce instead of hiring permanent employees, and (5) globalization. As a result, trends, such as major talent management, selection and recruiting, workplace education and training, and planning for next generation, have emerged. In addition, change management also becomes important in organizations in order to innovate and implement new technology, tools, and systems to cope with changes in the business.

Process
In terms of process consulting, because of an increase in competition, it becomes important to identify and improve key processes that meet customer values and demands as well as that are faster and cheaper.

Technology
In terms of technology consulting, there is an increased need to automate processes or data so that employees can focus on actually doing work and focusing on business rather than doing the manual labor. The consultant can add value to these technologies by providing training, communication plan, and change management as well as to incorporate these technologies into organizational culture. So, regardless of how advanced technology is, consultants are still needed in making sure that these advanced technologies have positive effects on employees and organizations in both technical and social aspects.