User:Lacunae/1

http://www.munichre.com/app_pages/www/@res/pdf/NatCatService/significant_natural_catastrophes/2011/NatCatSERVICE_significant_winter_storms_eco_en.pdf http://www.munichre.com/app_pages/www/@res/pdf/NatCatService/significant_natural_catastrophes/2011/NatCatSERVICE_significant_winter_storms_ins_en.pdf
 * 10 costliest winter storms in Europe ordered by overall losses 1980-2011
 * 10 costliest winter storms in Europe ordered by insured losses 1980-2011

Hard Kyndelmisse (hard Candlemas)| 1602
http://www.climate4you.com/ClimateAndHistory%201600-1699.htm February 2, 1602, the Faeroe Islands are hit by a great storm, today still remembered as the hard Kyndelmisse. The storm permanently destroyed the famous sheltered natural harbour at Saksun in NW Faeroe Islands, on the west coast of the main island Streymoy. Great waves pouring in through the narrow entrance channel blocked the natural harbour with sand (Lamb 1977; Guttesen 1992-https://tidsskrift.dk/index.php/geografisktidsskrift/article/viewFile/5857/11134).

Follastormen/Gjæslinganulykka 1625
20-23 February 1625 210 dead

The Great Sand Drift of 1694 (Culbin Sands)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-28295928 Culbin Sands

http://www.climate4you.com/ClimateAndHistory%201600-1699.htm

10-12 December 1792
Lamb Eden

Den galne måndagen
11 March 1822 Norway https://arkivverket.no/arkivverket/Arkivverket/Bergen/Nettartikler/Den-galne-maandagen https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galnem%C3%A5ndag

November 1824

 * 22-23 November
 * http://www.soton.ac.uk/~imw/jpg-Chesil/5CH-1824-Hurricane-map-m.jpg

Yrvädertisdagen 1850

 * 29 January 1850

January 1884
19-28 first depression 19 January saw pressure at Stornoway drop 0.96 inHg in 4 hours.

26 January 1884, '''The 1884 event is one of the first significant storms of the Northeast Atlantic region to be covered by the 20CR dataset, and is particularly noteworthy as it yielded the lowest pressure so far recorded in the British Isles (925.6hPa; Burt, 2007). Lamb and Frydendahl (1991) categorized the storm as Class I, with a SSI rating of 5000, and ranked it the 15th most severe. A probable maximum wind speed associated with the event was 120–140kn, which affected England, Wales and the English Channel, and latterly the near continent and North Sea areas (Lamb and Frydendahl, 1991). Burt (2007) provides further details about the event and his synoptic reconstruction alongside Lamb's reconstruction are reproduced in Figure 2(a) and (c).''' doi:10.1002/wea.2289

11/02/1894

 * https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_gCHAPKKJvMJ:www.icevirtuallibrary.com/deliver/fulltext/ndpvc.19362.0041.pdf?itemId%3D/content/chapter/ndpvc.19362.0041%26mimeType%3Dpdf+storm+january+1976+uk&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiDLtBQy0ZsUsNoYl8HzaI_hgKhiJI4q5sFSfJZzmjd2om9y_wD3ZNGXCDXzZHAaZVT9_w21FY90oQD7dssJYCrzDm7gdcBKEEPkn8PFuLcyfI4PsRfMl687fwDLd_u4ZXcs4bX&sig=AHIEtbSy3rq_tb0bKaJrSORxBf-SUcIqog

24/03/1895

 * https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_gCHAPKKJvMJ:www.icevirtuallibrary.com/deliver/fulltext/ndpvc.19362.0041.pdf?itemId%3D/content/chapter/ndpvc.19362.0041%26mimeType%3Dpdf+storm+january+1976+uk&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiDLtBQy0ZsUsNoYl8HzaI_hgKhiJI4q5sFSfJZzmjd2om9y_wD3ZNGXCDXzZHAaZVT9_w21FY90oQD7dssJYCrzDm7gdcBKEEPkn8PFuLcyfI4PsRfMl687fwDLd_u4ZXcs4bX&sig=AHIEtbSy3rq_tb0bKaJrSORxBf-SUcIqog

December 1900
15 December Flannan islands lighthouse keepers believed to go missing

21 severe gale Scotland

December 28/29 1900 storm Bristol channel led to closure of Lilstock harbour December 30 "Great Rainfall event" heavy rainfall arc from Bristol channel to Lincolnshire.

http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/8/c/Dec1900.pdf

1903 Leven Viaduct
Stationary train blown over on Leven Viaduct http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BoT_LevenViaduct1903.pdf

1904
http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/nyarsstormen-1904-1.28874

1927
west coast storm surge http://www.surgewatch.org/the-11th-november-1977-defence-failure-and-flooding-at-fleetwood-lancashire/

1936
17-19 October Ireland http://www.irishtimes.com/news/constant-gales-nothing-new-under-the-sun-1.1192735 http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2412312 http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/30118242

1944 Allied Invasion of France

 * Normandy Landings
 * ECMWF reanalysis Stagg noted in his book that the low that crossed northern Scotland on the night of 4/5 June 1944 led to the lowest surface pressure, 976.8 hPa, recorded over the British Isles in any June [to date] in the 20th Century, and that disturbed weather prevailed for much of the summer and autumn that year. -http://www.ecmwf.int/en/research/projects/era-clim/d-day-analyses
 * http://w3.pierroton.inra.fr/IEFC/bdd/storm/storm_liste.php?mode=&display=&filtre_country=UK&filtre_EventID=&filtre_30majors=&page=1&rowperpage=15&orderby=

1954
http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/ovader-i-januari-1954-1.5730

1955
Ireland http://www.irishtimes.com/news/constant-gales-nothing-new-under-the-sun-1.1192735

1957
Ireland http://www.irishtimes.com/news/constant-gales-nothing-new-under-the-sun-1.1192735

01/11/1965
Knottingley Power station cooling towers collapse
 * https://ceprofs.civil.tamu.edu/dford/DNF%20Profesional/FerrybridgeWTF94.pdf

Walpurga 1965

 * December 5, 1965
 * Berlin/brandenburg
 * http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/wenn-der-himmel-explodiert/328790.html

1967 Series

 * http://www.efiatlantic.efi.int/files/attachments/efiatlantic/2010-storm/final_report_appendix_3.pdf
 * 21/02/1967
 * February 21-23, 1967
 * Xanthia (Adolph Bermpol) AKA Adolph Bermpol Orkan
 * http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/wenn-der-himmel-explodiert/328790.html
 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adolph_Bermpohl_(ship,_1965)
 * 23/02/1967
 * 28.02.1967
 * 13.03.1967
 * 25.05.1967

http://www.meteo.lv/lapas/laika-apstakli/fakti-un-noderiga-informacija/informativie-un-uzzinu-materiali/visstiprakie-veji-latvija/visstiprakie-veji-latvija?id=1844&nid=863
 * Lena The first place is the 1967th Between 17 and 18th October storm . It began in the evening of 17 October and passed through the whole of Latvia, the maximum speed reached on the night of 18 October, 18 October in the morning and another in the eastern districts of the day. Henceforth, until the end of the day, the storm gradually subsided inland areas, coastal areas but still remained at a lesser intensity of 19 and 20 October. This storm was characterized by a high wind gust peak speed range. Baltic Sea - Liepaja 18 October was registered so far the largest Latvian wind gust speed - 48 m / s, 40 m / s severe gusts were also Rucava and Bauska, but Kolka, Mērsrags and Riga maximum wind gusts reached only 20 m / s.

1968 Scotland

 * http://www.heraldscotland.com/mobile/news/home-news/met-office-says-more-gales-may-be-coming.16098349?_=f985f3fab5766c95445e8e9132a8edc26ad93e3d
 * http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1968/jan/16/scotland-storm-damage
 * http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1968/jan/25/scotland-storm-damage
 * http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1968/feb/07/scotland-storm-damage
 * http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/i/o/Great_Glasgow_Storm_-_15_January_1968.pdf
 * SS Cessnock (🇬🇧 United Kingdom): The dredger capsized and sank in the River Clyde during a storm. Three crew were killed. from List_of_shipwrecks_in_1968
 * nine dead http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/dkc01-5-artikel1.pdf
 * http://www.mitfanoe.dk/fanoe%20historie/stormfloder/stormfloder_gennem_tiderne_8.htm
 * http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-46093932.html

6 March 1968

 * Ocean Prince rig breaks and sinks during storm http://www.oilrigdisasters.co.uk/

1969

 * 22 September 1969, Ada http://ndb.msb.se/ViewCase.aspx?id=70&l=SV&xMax=781909.5284000002&xMin=245118.2167999996&yMax=6691786.715399999&yMin=6111275.669500001
 * Allhelgonaorkanen (All Saints' Day storm) 1 November In second place is the 1969th on 1 to 4 November storm . It had two wind growth periods. The first - the fittest - began on 1 November in the late evening of the Baltic Sea coast and continued throughout almost all Latvian 2 November. Also, this storm was characterized by a high wind gust peak speed distribution, but the maximum wind gust speed observation site was unusual. It was Daugavpils, where wind gusts reached 44 m / s . 40 m / s severe gusts of wind were achieved in Ainaži, Ventspils but its time was "only" 35 m / s. The smallest storm this episode maximum wind gust speed was 20 m / s (Rujiena, Alūksne, Gulbene, Zosēni).

Second wind speed began to increase in the evening of 3 November, the maximum speed reached on the night of 4 November. This time, maximum wind gust speed was not as strong - it reached 34 m / s (in Daugavpils, sweet, Skulte), while the lowest - 16-17 m / s - it was the same place where the first phase of the storm - Aluksne and Zosēni.http://www.meteo.lv/lapas/laika-apstakli/fakti-un-noderiga-informacija/informativie-un-uzzinu-materiali/visstiprakie-veji-latvija/visstiprakie-veji-latvija?id=1844&nid=863

http://ndb.msb.se/ViewCase.aspx?id=72&l=SV&xMax=781909.5284000002&xMin=465702.3965999996&yMax=6756226.7118999995&yMin=6288549.661900001

Quimburga (Niedersachsenorkan) 1972

 * http://archief.weer.nl/?menu=view&cat=herfst&item=novemberstorm04112004.wn
 * http://www.daxstein-wetter.de/specials/Wetterkatastrophen_des_Jahres_1972.htm
 * http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-42762309.html
 * http://www.bbk.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/BBK/DE/Publikationen/Wissenschaftsforum/Bd6_Risiken-fuer-D_Teil1.pdf?__blob=publicationFile

29 December 1973-01 January 1974
Transocean 3 rig sinks 100 miles east of Shetland http://home.versatel.nl/the_sims/rig/transocean3.htm

11/12, 27/28 January 1974

 * Ireland http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/weather-events/Jan1974_Storm.PDF
 * Norway/Denmark

January (Capella) 1976
21. Smith, C.G. (1979) The Gale of 2nd January 1976. -http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/rpapers/#papers

highest water levels ever measured in many(some) places.

Capella was a windstorm, on 2-4 January 1976 swept across western Europe and the worst windstorms of the 20th Century. It caused severe damage and claimed at least 60 lives. When triggered by storm surge along the German North Sea coast, in part, the extreme values ​​were the North Sea flood of 1962 storm surge exceeded.Furious storms punch through resort's defences On Friday 2 January 1976 Britain suffered its worst meteorological disaster for 23 years when a rapidly intensified depression swept across Scotland to the North Sea and created nationwide gale havoc and marine flooding. By the end of the following day, during which the depression crossed Denmark to northern Poland, some 60 persons were dead.'

http://www.deutfracht-seereederei.de/capella.html account of Capella ship (in German) "The length (sea wall) from Grimsby Dock to Cleethorpes promenade is a concrete sea wall also maintained by the Environment Agency. This wall was built in the late 1970’s to replace the sea wall destroyed by the tidal surges of 1976". from http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/FLHO1111BVCX-E-E.pdf

http://www.dmg-ev.de/gesellschaft/publikationen/pdf/promet/Promet_4_84.pdf (in German) w/ map of wind areas

some images of the sea wall built to protect the railway in cleethorpes http://www.flickr.com/photos/smallritual/sets/72157607893963591/with/2927993946/

"3.11 > The storm surge of 1976 is notable as the most severe storm flood ever recorded on the German North Sea coast, and failure of the dike, as seen here on the Hasel- dorfer Marsh on the Elbe River, caused extremely severe damage. The water level in Cuxhaven reached a record high of 5.1 metres above normal. Nonetheless, the consequences were less severe than those of the flood of 1962 because many segments of the dike had been reinforced in the meantime."-http://worldoceanreview.com/wp-content/downloads/WOR_chapter_3.pdf

January 1976 Port of Hull flooded, tides and waves breached sea defenses at a number of points along the east coast of England, with large area of Norfolk under water"-http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd68/DHHealth/cap4-6.pdf

Serious Flooding in the Village of Paull in East Yorkshire-http://www.visitoruk.com/historydetail.php?id=11757&f=Hull

m

 * http://www.meteolink.nl/januari-historie.html
 * http://www.cn-online.de/lokales/news/januar-1976-millionenschaeden-nach-sturmflut.html?tx_ttnewsextender%5BimgIndex%5D=0&cHash=fb3b684276
 * http://www.mao-projekt.de/BRD/NOR/Norddeutschland_Sturmflut_1976.shtml
 * http://www.vimu.info/fb.jsp?id=for_32_4_3_fb_1976_de&lang=de&u=school&flash=false
 * http://ultimateheroswelt.blog.de/2008/01/03/3_januar_1976_schwere_sturmflut_an_der_n~3522788/
 * http://www.nlwkn.niedersachsen.de/portal/live.php?navigation_id=8429&article_id=39432&_psmand=26
 * http://www.ndr.de/geschichte/schauplaetze/hochwasserschutz4.html
 * http://www.cuxpedia.de/index.php/Sturmflut_von_1976
 * http://www.deichwacht.hamburg-mitte.de/geschichte.html
 * http://www.sylt-2000.de/Informationen/Sturmflut/sturmflut.html
 * http://www.feuerwehr-drochtersen.de/nofi/Usersites/Geschichte_506942.html-On 01.03.1976 was a raven black day for the community Drochtersen because it paved a huge storm surge. In use were the dams of the district Stade and counties Rotenburg, Verden, Hadeln and other large organizations. In the community caused by the storm surge Drochtersen 10 dikes and the water ran far into the mainland. The firefighters could not do more than to pump the water back over the dike, which brought nothing but since the pumps were too small. Only a week later, three large pumps from the Netherlands were used. After the danger was over, and the water was returned to the same, was the second storm surge. This time, a dike broke in pieces bush that was only barely patched and ran it again a lot of water into the interior. In this flood rendered the local military Drochtersen 8369 hours, the local military Assel 4574 hours and 3596 hours local military envelope.
 * http://www.vimu.info/fb.jsp?id=for_32_4_3_fb_1976_de&lang=da&u=child&flash=true
 * geen lijken omhoog die dijken
 * ++ http://www.ndr.de/geschichte/chronologie/sechzigerjahre/sturmflutsh109_page-2.html

imgages
"New Clee Waterfront"
 * Damage and repairs to Cleethorpes railway http://www.davesrailpics.bravehost.com/clps/clpsfloods.htm
 * Rebuilding of Cleethorpes seawall after storm http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=486183364728055&set=a.292360764110317.85107.278471468832580&type=1&theater
 * Grimsby Road Flooded 1976 http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=477753305571061&set=a.292360764110317.85107.278471468832580&type=1&relevant_count=1
 * geograph pics http://www.geolocation.ws/v/W/File:Sea%20wall%20at%20Cleethorpes%20-%20geograph.org.uk%20-%20882676.jpg/-/en
 * http://de.academic.ru/pictures/dewiki/71/Gedenkstein_Hetlingen.jpg
 * Myrina http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=282603
 * Myrina http://www.shipspotting.com/gallery/photo.php?lid=282606

November 9-12, 1977
West coast storm surge
 * http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1072/1/1072.pdf?DDC79+DDD14+dgg0arb+dgg0cnm
 * 11 Nov http://www.surgewatch.org/the-11th-november-1977-defence-failure-and-flooding-at-fleetwood-lancashire/

October 1979
boat Margrethe Bojen sinks in force 8 gales, 6 men lost, man lost in same storm from boat Xmas Rose http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kvY9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=GUkMAAAAIBAJ&dq=grimsby&pg=3157%2C1442474 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kvY9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=GUkMAAAAIBAJ&dq=grimsby&pg=3475%2C1443830 flooding, grampian electric ref dated 6th

December 1979
coastal flood http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1979/jan/25/flooding-faversham

Unnamed 1980
Alexander_L._Kielland_(platform) capsizes after structural failure during windstorm 27 March 1980 123 fatalities

1981 windstorm series
•	Most tornadoes in a 24-hour period in the United Kingdom: 105 were observed on the 18 November 1981.-http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/f/Fact_sheet_No._9.pdf "North Frisian Flood" of 1981 23/25 November Gale from the west blew in over Denmark tore down trees worth more than 1 milliard kr. Danmarks normalsalg er ca. 750 millioner kr. on Tuesday 24 november at 16:38 at Thisted an 83 knot wind was measured, equivalent to 157.7 km/h.
 * http://vejret-dyn.tv2.dk/artikel/id-45997771:i-dag-for-30-år-siden-danmark-ramt-af-voldsom-storm.html
 * http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/stormenes_tid_novemberstorm

'''In November 1981, the Transworld 58 platform was torn from its moorings and drifted for several hours in hurricane winds. Forty-four men were evacuated but another 20 remained trapped aboard the platform for several hours before being rescued. There were no casualties.'''http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pf9NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1osDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1950%2C1060257

http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IfpNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dosDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4540%2C4071798 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oa9OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DE0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6847%2C2327568

9 fatalities in Denmark http://www.planat.ch/fileadmin/PLANAT/planat_pdf/alle/R1026d.pdf

13/14 December 19/20 December,
 * December_1981_windstorm
 * Penlee lifeboat disaster

1982 France storm
6-10, November http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rga_0035-1121_1983_num_71_1_2524

1982 North Sea storm surge
http://www.north-norfolk.gov.uk/files/Appendix_7_-_Discussion_paper_on_the_influence_of_storm_surges.pdf

1983

 * January
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/lancashire/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_9002000/9002370.stm

27 November 1983 Kanaalrat

 * http://www.weer.nl/weer-in-het-nieuws/weernieuws/ch/84d047ff14a213993fa5412995c9945f/article/kanaalrat.html

listed as ascension day (May 12)
 * http://www.weer.nl/weer-in-het-nieuws/weernieuws/archive/2007/march/article/mc_14_berekent_microlaag.html?no_cache=1

22/24.11.1984

 * Central Europe, 18 fatalities http://www.planat.ch/fileadmin/PLANAT/planat_pdf/alle/R1026d.pdf

1985
http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/olandsstormen-1985-1.18239

Unnamed 1986

 * December 14-15
 * 916 mb, perhaps 912mb
 * http://www.metlink.org/pdf/teachers/1986_deepest_depression.pdf
 * https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:dkuzfl8iMKwJ:journals.sfu.ca/coaction/index.php/tellusa/article/download/11865/13611+1986+low+pressure+atlantic&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi3EIyolIroGElS3C87U4h3szFhkFdmADSmRa6I6U1dcEOQBgg_zWNmFFFlsckdCOZ5HYF-1AD3KCtasLDdw2EJlIjoLXchigfvlfD8t4BGGOmqCHRcyns5fm8MeHCOGJyu6kXf&sig=AHIEtbTeNgxD1HlyTV9yTSV_S08DiVCeag

1987J

 * http://www.wattonandswaffhamtimes.co.uk/watton-swaffham-life/1987_storm_great_yarmouth_sailor_recalls_terrifying_voyage_which_saw_6m_of_cargo_lost_overboard_1_1653212
 * http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/the-great-storm-of-1987-the-night-we-nearly-1380404
 * http://www.channel4.com/news/the-great-storm-of-1987-25-years-on
 * http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/archive/2012/great-storm
 * http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/9604744/The-Great-Storm-25-years-on-The-positive-impact-on-our-woodland.html
 * http://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2012-10-10/the-great-storm-25-years-on/


 * http://www.metlink.org/pdf/articles/1987_treedamage_quine.pdf Damage to Trees and Woodlands in the Storm 1987
 * http://vannstand.no/index.php/en/stormflo/66-fakta-stormflo-i-norge-1987-og-1990
 * http://www.fno.no/Hoved/Fakta/Skadeforsikring/Skadeforsikring-a---a/Naturskadeforsikring/
 * ∑∑http://vgd.no/samfunn/alle-snakker-om-vaeret/tema/1495766/tittel/hoeststormen-16-oktober-1987
 * http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/hydra/cgi-bin/storm_report.cgi?storm=19871016
 * http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2007/10/15/84296.htm

1989

 * Scottish windstorm	February 13, 1989	During this storm, a gust of 123 knots (228 km/h) was recorded at the Kinnaird Lighthouse (Fraserburgh) on the north-east coast of Scotland. This broke the highest low-level wind speed record for the British Isles. Much higher (unofficial) windspeeds have been recorded on the summit of Cairn Gorm and on Unst in Shetland. Scotland E 123 knots (142 mph) Fraserburgh (Aberdeenshire) 13 February 1989 low level-http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/f/Fact_sheet_No._9.pdf


 * 15 Feb lowest Denmark, 25 February lowest Jersey, France, Be, v low de it nl pl


 * October 1989 However, the strongest gust of all measured at a low level site was on 28 October 1989. That was 124 mph at Cardiff International Airport .-http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2369329.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/walesnature/2011/09/windy_weather_is_upon_us.html Wales S 108 knots (124 mph) Rhoose (Vale of Glamorgan) 28 October 1989 -http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/f/Fact_sheet_No._9.pdf

Burn's Day/Daria

 * http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2013/jan/20/weatherwatch-burns-day-storm-predictions
 * http://vannstand.no/index.php/en/stormflo/66-fakta-stormflo-i-norge-1987-og-1990


 * 1990 storm series

http://www.smhi.se/bloggar/vaderleken/2015/02/27/februari-1990-och-maj-1867-tva-verkligt-extrema-manader/

Undine 1991

 * 5-6 January 1991.
 * http://www.munichre.com/app_pages/www/@res/pdf/media_relations/press_dossiers/50th-anniversary-storm-surge-hamburg/euope-costliest-storm-surges-en.pdf
 * 30 fatalities http://www.planat.ch/fileadmin/PLANAT/planat_pdf/alle/R1026d.pdf
 * http://www.storm-surge.info/winter-storm-undine-1991

New Year 1992
Grønås 1995 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1034/j.1600-0870.1995.00116.x/asset/j.1600-0870.1995.00116.x.pdf?v=1&t=gybfyj2t&s=c9e8a9f6f7183900dc45a62b9c02425f62552ac9

1993

 * Braer storm
 * Verena


 * 21 Feb Surge http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1995.tb06075.x/abstract
 * classic example of an internal storm surge in the North Sea.-http://www.sns2.org/Output%20files/EX4526-Appendix%2007_ver2.pdf
 * http://www.safecoast.org/editor/databank/File/001_ABI_Coastal_flood_risk_Part1a.pdf
 * http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1831/1407/F1.expansion.html
 * http://www.north-norfolk.gov.uk/files/Appendix_7_-_Discussion_paper_on_the_influence_of_storm_surges.pdf

Verena 1993

 * 55 lives lost, 35 passengers, 20 crew. Only 37 bodies recovered
 * http://womdemo.wetteronline.de/?pcid=pc_wotexte_special&gid=DL&pid=p_wotexte_feature&sid=ExtremeWeather&day=14&month=01&year=1993&token=ve
 * http://www.wetteronline.de/extremwetter/1993-01-14-ve

Lea 1994

 * 25-28 September (FMI formed on 27, possibly secondary to Lea)
 * MS Estonia
 * http://www.onnettomuustutkinta.fi/Satellite?blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobcol=urldata&SSURIapptype=BlobServer&SSURIcontainer=Default&SSURIsession=false&blobkey=id&blobheadervalue1=inline;%20filename=p4q9w596nz57rn.pdf&SSURIsscontext=Satellite%20Server&blobwhere=1212930475201&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&ssbinary=true&blobheader=application/pdf
 * north of scotland across oslo area into baltic ... final disaster report the weather was rough, with a wind of 15 to 20 m/s, force 7–8 on the Beaufort scale and a significant wave height of 4 to 6 m compared with the highest measured significant wave height in the Baltic Sea of 7.7 m.
 * 981 mb at lowest
 * wind was strongest on the morning of the 28th hampering rescue efforts

[12:30] iKiewii|sleep: as far as we know the windstorm caused the sinking of the MS Estonia at [12:30] iKiewii|sleep: 28th september 1994 was called "Lea". It was baptised at 25th september [12:30] iKiewii|sleep: 1994. [12:30] iKiewii|sleep: Best regards, [12:30] iKiewii|sleep: Julia Sieland / Team "Adopt-a-Vortex"

Cyclone Thalia, 1995

 * 21 Jan
 * 40 dead, F, NL, UK
 * 28 dead http://www.aonbenfieldevents.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/201207_abr_presentations/201207_abr_cologne_clustering.pdf
 * http://www.bios.edu/rpi/public/pubs/pre2000/euwindsum/EuropeanWindSum.pdf
 * Thalia was the first of four cyclones to bombard the region between 21 January and 2 February 1995.This led to the heaviest rain fall in France in 150 years, 250000 people being evacuated in the Netherlands, and severe flooding on the Rhine and Mosel. The catastrophe left 37 people dead, and cost £600 million in insured losses and £1.9 billion in economic losses.http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/Saunders_1999paper.pdf

28 Oct 1996
http://www.irishtimes.com/news/gale-thought-responsible-for-fatal-road-accident-in-carlow-1.100385

Christmas Eve storm/Yuma 1997

 * http://www.eots.co.uk/reports/bomb/bomb01.htm
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/42518.stm
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/42723.stm
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/42432.stm
 * http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/1997/12/27/ihead.htm
 * Young & Grahame 1999 Forecasting the Christmas Eve storm 1997. Weather, 54, 382–391

-5.1.98 (Fanny?)

 * 18 dead, UK
 * F, NL, UK

Xylia
Xylia-Winnie 23-29 October 1998 Xylia 24 October 1998

Lothar 1999
Klaus, Lothar, Martin
 * http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/recyf/IMG/pdf/Riviere_et_al10a.pdf
 * http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1256/003590002321042036/asset/200212858001_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=h3of6vpa&s=c1326530d2a477bd5b8cb13b32b6dcde39e09650
 * http://www.pandowae.de/en/research/high-impact-weather/european-windstorms

===Njål 1999===
 * MS_Sleipner
 * November 26, 1999. 16 fatalities catamaran off course, hits rock during windstorm

Oratia 2000

 * http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2000/oct/30/weather.climatechange1
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/998179.stm
 * http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=914
 * http://www.tagesspiegel.de/weltspiegel/herbstunwetter-sturm-ueber-europa/175016.html
 * http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82234&page=1#.T0VLOpjb_ao
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/999056.stm
 * http://www.wikilearner.com/geography/gcse/Gcse%20Weather%20and%20climate/Met%20Office%20The%20storms%20of%20October%202000%20part%203.htm
 * http://www.metweb.fr/evenements/tempete301000/tempete_cadre.htm
 * piers corbyn on 2000 and climate change http://www.weatheraction.com/displayarticle.asp?a=310&c=5
 * http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v470/n7334/full/nature09762.html
 * Autun 2000 floods +1953 surge http://www.safecoast.nl/editor/databank/File/crisis%20as%20catalysts%20for%20adaptation%20-%20human%20respons%20to%20major%20floods.pdf

Finland Storms 2001

 * 1 Nov storm Pyry
 * (FUB William) Janika🇫🇮 2001-13-16 November
 * http://www.zamg.ac.at/docu/Manual/SatManu/main.htm?/docu/Manual/SatManu/Catastrophic/011113/case01.htm
 * http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/press-release/1018427534
 * http://www.helsinki.fi/aleksanteri/civpro/publications/WP1.pdf
 * Janika and Dagmar http://yle.fi/uutiset/news/2011/12/storm_damages_may_rise_to_millions_of_euros_3131815.html

Anna 2002

 * 26 february sting

Jeanette 2002

 * October Sting
 * http://www.torro.org.uk/site/wind_info.php

Oralie 2004

 * March 20th
 * http://alert.air-worldwide.com/EventSummary.aspx?e=597&tp=31&c=1

Gudrun/Erwin 2005
cluster of 1. Dimitri, 2. Erwin, 3. Freddy, 4. Gero in 170 hours (P. Ludwig) Clustering of Windstorms Pinto PPT
 * http://oiswww.eumetsat.org/WEBOPS/iotm/iotm/20050107_storm/20050107_storm.html
 * http://oiswww.eumetsat.org/WEBOPS/iotm/iotm/20050107_storm/report_jameson.pdf
 * http://www.zamg.ac.at/eumetrain/ShortCases/Gudrun/index.htm
 * http://www.uea.ac.uk/~e470848/Windstorm%20Erwin.htm
 * http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/8januarstormguycarprapport.pdf
 * http://svt.se/2.22620/1.1836983/fem_ar_efter_stormen_gudrun
 * http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/8/37/2008/nhess-8-37-2008.pdf
 * http://www.jcronline.org/doi/abs/10.2112/06-0631.1
 * http://www.astra-project.org/sites/download/ASTRA_WSS_report_final.pdf
 * http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/aug_05/north_atlantic.shtml
 * http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/8januarstormguycarprapport.pdf
 * http://cstpr.colorado.edu/sparc/research/projects/extreme_events/munich_workshop/helminen.pdf

Kyrill 2007

 * http://www.uea.ac.uk/~e470848/Windstorm%20Kyril.htm
 * Kyrill and Emma Derechos http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809510003297
 * microseisms http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2008/00000017/00000001/art00006 and
 * http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2009/00000018/00000006/art00004 (Kyrill & Emma)
 * http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658375/
 * http://www.essl.org/ECSS/2007/abs/02-Case-study/1179091650.gatzen-1-sec02.oral.pdf

Britta 2006 storm surge
1 November 2006 storm surge 1 in 20 event
 * http://www.broads-authority.gov.uk/broads/live/authority/meetings/broads-forum/2007/04-12/BFAP-Summary_of_1_November_2006_Flood_Event_-_Appendix.pdf
 * http://www.storm-surge.info/winter-storm-britta-2006
 * http://ocean.dmi.dk/case_studies/surges/01nov06.php
 * http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/hydra/stormcatalogus/Cases/04_01-11-2006/Samenvatting/samenvatting.html

Tilo
North_Sea_flood_of_2007 http://e-geo.fcsh.unl.pt/ICS2009/_docs/ICS2009_Volume_II/1656.1660_J.A.Parker_ICS2009.pdf http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/11/08/uk-britain-weather-idUKL0862102620071108

Resi (Tuva) 2008

 * 29/01/08-02/02/08 http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/01/weather.world

Emma 2008

 * http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809510002681
 * http://www.guycarp.com/portalapp/publicsite/catdocument.pdf?instratreportid=1677

Zizi 2008
On 22 February 2008, the King of Scandinavia broke free from its moorings at North Shields during high winds, drifting across the River Tyne and colliding with an oil rig moored on the opposite bank. There were no passengers on board at the time of the incident. Sailings were suspended while repairs were carried out.

Klaus 2009

 * Liberato, M. L. R., Pinto, J. G., Trigo, I. F. and Trigo, R. M. (2011), Klaus – an exceptional winter storm over northern Iberia and southern France. Weather, 66: 330–334. doi: 10.1002/wea.755

UK Winter Storm 2009

 * Nov 13
 * Gerhard, Hans, Ingmar
 * http://alert.air-worldwide.com/EventSummary.aspx?e=490&tp=31&c=1
 * 2009_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_floods
 * 2009_Workington_floods

Extratropical cyclone funnelled an Atmospheric river of moist air towards Cumbria.

Xynthia 2010
http://eprints.hrwallingford.co.uk/606/1/HRPP554_Comparison_of_causes,_effects_and_aftermaths_of_coastal_flooding_of_England_in_1953_and_France_in_2010.pdf http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1440&page=3 http://www.gccapitalideas.com/2010/03/08/update-2-windstorm-xynthia/

Europe December Storms 2010? (Monika, Orike)

 * before 20/12/2010

Berit 2011

 * http://www.icenews.is/index.php/2011/11/25/massive-damage-as-faroe-islands-battered-by-hurricane-force-storm/
 * ?? http://poleshift.ning.com/profiles/blogs/hurricane-knocks-over-faroe-islands-in-the-north-sea-evacuation-o
 * ?? http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Faroe_Islands_hit_by_hurricane_999.html
 * http://fri.info.pl/Orkan-Berit/
 * http://www.thelocal.no/page/view/superwave-hurricane-could-hit-bp-oil-facility-friday
 * http://lincstrust.org.uk/reserves/nr/reserve.php?mapref=15
 * http://www.weltdersynoptik.de/wetterereignisse/orkan-xaver-und-yoda/
 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-15917224

Friedhelm 2011

 * http://www.agi.org.uk/member-news/2011/12/13/storm-surge-captured.html
 * http://jp.dk/indland/trafik/article2632724.ece
 * http://www.willisre.com/documents/media_room/publication/willis_re_catastrophe_response_windstorm_friedhelm.pdf

Dagmar 2011

 * http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/norway-storms-isolate-thousands/
 * http://www.suomensahat.fi/aineistot/storm_120109.pdf forestry
 * http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Espoo+to+upgrade+capacity+to+deal+with+storm+damage/1135270134112
 * http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Minister+Hautala+criticises+Fortum+for+insufficient+investment+in+electric+grid/1135270134031
 * http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Lack+of+information+is+the+biggest+problem+associated+with+power+blackouts+/1329103611609
 * http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/trondheim/article1808382.ece Trondheim breakwaters rebuilt and strengthened.
 * find source for evacuation of Danish Siri, dong oil
 * http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-28/finnish-utilities-struggle-to-restore-power-after-storm-dagmar.html

Andrea 2012

 * http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2012/jan/05/skiwatch-alps-wind-canada?newsfeed=true Skiwatch: Andrea brings high winds and a mantle of heavy snow
 * http://www.thelocal.ch/national/20120105_2209.html
 * http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/storm-disrupts-trains-and-mountain-rail.shtml?28407


 * http://www.channel4.com/news/britain-under-storm-5-january-2012
 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16421647

Helga 2012

 * http://www.newsinenglish.no/2012/01/26/search-ends-for-men-missing-in-storm/
 * http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/Failure_in_Pumps_Caused_Icelandic_Ship_to_Sink_0_386926.news.aspx?cat_id=16567&ew_8_r_f=1&ew_8_r_t=15&news_category_id=
 * http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/Three_Icelandic_Seafarers_Presumed_Dead_in_Norway_0_386765.news.aspx
 * http://www.shipwrecklog.com/log/2012/01/hallgrimur-lost/
 * http://www.icenews.is/index.php/2012/01/25/severe-weather-in-parts-of-iceland/

Maike 10-11 feb 2012

 * http://www.icenews.is/index.php/2011/02/11/severe-storm-hits-iceland/

2012 Floods
after dry 2 years and March heatwave...

2012 Great Britain and Ireland floods || April-July 2012 || 976 hPa

A persistent Jet stream brings a series of low pressure systems across the UK (and western Europe), resulting in the wettest April-June on record.
 * Gritt: April 1–11, 2012 (995 hPa) a low system tracking south over the UK and Ireland bringing storm force winds and heavy snowfall, a week after many areas of the UK experienced temperatures above 20 C. 50,000 were left without power in Northern England. Nine Belgian tourists were rescued from blizzards on Ben Macdui, Scotland. A cargo ship ran aground near to Conwy in Wales. The trans-Pennine Woodhead pass route was closed to traffic and the M62 motorway was disrupted. Gritt then moved into the Mediterranean Sea and one of its fronts spawned an F2 tornado in northern Italy. As the storm moved further east, the same front spawned another tornado. This tornado touched down in eastern Turkey and killed 6 people and injured 7 people.
 * Petra: April 22–29, 2012 (976 hPa) winds and rain to France & UK, flood warnings to south west UK
 * http://www.infoclimat.fr/bulletin-special-250-fort-coup-de-vent-a-tempete-et-precipitations-soutenues.html
 * http://www.ouest-france.fr/ofdernmin_-Tempete.-De-fortes-rafales-de-vent-balaient-l-Ouest_53907-2070184_filDMA.Htm
 * http://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/9229440/Tornadoes-bring-damage-to-UK-during-stormy-weather.html
 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-17851013
 * Queenie: April 27–May 11, 2012 (988 hPa) Heavy rains led to flooding after a wet April in the UK. 5,000 homes in Wales were without electricity, as winds brought down trees in SW areas of the British Isles. Flood Warnings in force across much of the UK. A man died after a car became trapped in a Berkshire ford. The wet weather resulted in the cancellation of the Badminton Horse Trials.
 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/paulhudson/2012/04/april-could-be-wettest-on-reco.shtml
 * http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/9211185/April-could-break-rainfall-records-but-wont-end-the-drought.html
 * Ute: May 8–14, 2012 (994 hPa) In the evening of May 10 heavy thunderstorms in Belgium, Netherlands and Germany with a possible tornado in Moers, Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany.
 * Yvi: May 17–23, 2012 (999 hPa) On May 18, an area of low pressure over Spain was named Yvi by the Free University of Berlin. The system moved northeastwards towards to France while strengthening. On May 19 and 20, Yvi brought heavy thunderstorms over Central Europe. Particularly affected was Western Germany. The system brought heavy rainfalls too. On May 23, Yvi dissipated over the Netherlands.
 * Daria: June 5–13, 2012 (980 hPa) In the evening of June 7 heavy thunderstorms in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany and heavy floods in Wales.
 * Heidi: June 16–22, 2012 (1009 hPa) Heidi formed on June 16 near the Azores. The next day, the system moved to eastwards to Northern Spain. On June 18, Heidi moved over Germany and brought heavy lightning over Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Berlin and Brandenburg. In Rostock fell large hail. On June 19, Heidi moved over the Baltic Sea to Finland.
 * Lisa: June 22–July 5, 2012 (988 hPa) On June 26, an area of low pressure northwest of the Azores was named Lisa by the Free University of Berlin. The system moved eastwards towards the British Isles while strengthening. Lisa attained peak intensity while just northwest of the Scottish Highlands on June 29. She then stalled while at the same location, bringing torrential downpours to much of the United Kingdom. This led the the Met Office issuing an amber warning for heavy rain and thunderstorms. A school teacher was swept away by the floods in Bitterley.
 * Mina: June 30–July 17, 2012 (995 hPa) On July 2, an area of low pressure southeast of Greenland was named Mina by the Free University of Berlin. The system moved eastwards and was over Ireland on July 4. On July 5, Mina brought heavy thunderstorms over Germany. Particularly affected was Eastern Germany, here raged the heaviest thunderstorms. The next day, Mina stalled over United Kingdom. Meanwhile, new thunderstorms formed over Eastern Germany. This thunderstorms brought many damages in large parts of Germany and killed at least two people. While it was relatively quiet on July 7, on July 8 formed a pronounced squall line over Eastern Germany, that particularly affected Germany's capital Berlin. On the next day, Mina moved northeastwards and clearly cooler air come to Central Europe. So was the time of the heavy thunderstorms over.

Bray Waterspout

 * http://www.met.ie/news/display.asp?ID=156


 * http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/Data/CurrentWeather/wcd/blog/is-the-2012-uk-drought-over/

Genoa low
van Bebber WJ. 1891. Die Zugstrassen deer barometrischen Minima nacho deer Bahnekarten deer Deutschen Seewarte fur den Zeitraum von 1870-1890. Meterologische Zeitschrift 8: 361-366. Van Bebber W. J. (1891) Die Zugstrassen der barometrischen Minima. In: Meteorologische Zeitschrift 8 (361–366) http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2012/EGU2012-4492-3.pdf over the Balkan Peninsula to Central Europe,where it became stationary http://www.adv-geosci.net/12/43/2007/adgeo-12-43-2007.pdf
 * 1934_flood_in_Poland

page Sting Jet

 * http://www.iop.org/news/12/may/page_55259.html
 * http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/2/024014/pdf/1748-9326_7_2_024014.pdf
 * http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=104813
 * http://royalsociety.org/Damaging-winds-from-European-cyclones/
 * http://www.eots.co.uk/reports/bomb/bomb03.htm
 * Browning and Wang (2002)
 * http://hydrometeo.e-monsite.com/pages/comprendre-la-meteo/dynamique-des-cyclones-extratropicaux.html
 * image http://oiswww.eumetsat.org/WEBOPS/iotm/iotm/20120103_sting/sting_jet.jpg
 * http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/in-depth/1987-great-storm/sting-jet
 * http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.8180B
 * http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2012/EGU2012-8577.pdf

Orestov

 * http://university.uog.edu/botany/plant_di/anthocerotos.htm -hornwort Megaceros (?) from Guam, showing Nostoc colonies.
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroceros
 * http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Nostoc
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostoc

Nostoc nitrogen fixation, UV ad dessication resistant.