User:Lacunae/33

Notable non-tropical pressures over the North Atlantic
Notable atmospheric pressure reports from offshore and in the North Atlantic are:


 * High pressure, 28 January 2003 saw high of 1057 centred at 51° N, 27° W (approx. 1000km north of Azores).

A lower value is reported from 27–28 February 1988 at 1053 hPa centred at approximately 53.5° N, 25.6° W.


 * Low pressure, Two or three (possibly four) non-tropical areas of low pressure with central low pressure over the North Atlantic below 920 hPa have been reported, with a further unverified instance during the Night of the Big Wind (see above), these represent globally the lowest non-tropical large-scale synoptic values.


 * 13 January 1993 Braer Storm dropped 78 hPa in 24 hours, to a central pressure out in the Atlantic at 62° N, 15° W of 914.0 hPa, and was likely the deepest cyclone on record for the North Atlantic, and very probably for any temperate latitude.


 * 14–15 1986 December, The British Meteorological Office assessed the centre of a depression to be about 916 hPa, the West German meteorological service enclosed the depression with a 915 hPa isobar, indicating a pressure possibly as low as 912-913mbar.

For comparison the lowest Atlantic basin tropical cyclone low pressure is Hurricane Wilma in 2005 which holds the record at 882 hPa.

Similarly low extra-tropical values elsewhere have only been documented near Antarctica, with 919 hPa observed at Casey Station on the Windmill Islands (just outside the Antarctic Circle) on August 8-9, 1976 at Vincennes Bay (66°17’S 110°31’E). Though this value is considerably lower than any other on record and could conceivably be a fault with the recording instrument, though values are internally consistent with readings below 940 mb at this time.

The two lowest extra-tropical pressures reported from the Pacific basin are the 8 November 2014 Bering Sea cyclone at 924 hPa (warnings for the low to reach 920 hPa were released by the Japan Meteorological Agency ), and the 13 December 2015 North Pacific low at 924 hPa.

North Atlantic low pressures below 940 hPa
The frequency of very deep depressions (central pressure below about 940mbar) in the North Atlantic appears to have increased significantly since the winter of 1982/83, although only two depressions are known to have deepened below 930mbar since then and prior to this event.

Investigate
702.0 mm Hg from Bergen Lungegård Hospital on January 27 1884 (at that time the air pressure was given in millimeters of mercury height). In hectoPascals (previously millibars = mb) responds to 935.8.-http://www.verogvind.net/readmore.asp?readmoreid=5029

https://claudiocassardo.wordpress.com/2013/01/23/very-low-minima-north-atlantic/



Carlo
939 http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/201604/201604.pdf 12 UTC 6 March 2015 945 lowest FUB http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/wetterpate/Lebensgeschichten/Tief_CARLO_05_03_15.htm



Explosive cyclogenesis >22 mbar pressure falls in 3 hrs over Atlantic and European seaboard.

Pressure difference in North Atlantic between Iceland and Azores North Atlantic oscillation.

Þormóðssker
https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?params=64.4334_N_-22.3092_E_ Þormóðssker (Thormod's skerry) is a skerry in Faxaflói, Iceland. 200m long, 100m wide rising to 11m in height.

Landnámabók, named after an escaped slave who was murdered on the skerry

French polar research ship Pourquoi-Pas_(1908) https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phare_de_%C3%9Eorm%C3%B3%C3%B0ssker

In 1952 a monument to those lost on the Porquoi Pas was erected inside the lighthouse.

Cod War
ICJ memorial publication and history. https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/55/9413.pdf

Iceland collateral
The Danish king, Christian II, watched the English presence in Icelandic waters with some concern. But he also saw therein an opportunity. In 1518, he sent an envoy to King Henry VIII, secretly asking for a loan of 100,000 florins, pledging Iceland as collateral. The envoy was instructed to go as far down if necessary as 50,000 florins. Nothing came out of this (Thorsteinsson, 1961). Today, 50,000 florins would be equivalent to around 6.5 million U.S. dollars (Gissurarson, 2015). ... Thus, in the span of only eighteen years, Iceland had thrice been offered to King Henry VIII by Danish kings, and thrice been rejected by him (Thorsteinsson, 1961). -https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/23162/1/Loka%C3%BAtg%C3%A1fa_STJ_hannes.pdf

August
8-9 August 17000-ton Transocean winner oil rig storm Dail Mòr, west coast of the Isle of Lewis (Ella FUB) 19-21 August (Hildegund FUB)
 * https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/11/scotland-completely-powered-by-wind-turbines-for-a-day
 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-37002528
 * https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeenshire/995963/historic-fishing-boat-blown-north-east-high-winds/?
 * https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/aug/21/mother-and-son-killed-aberdeen-cornwall-winds
 * https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/aug/21/woman-dies-rough-seas-jersey-weather
 * http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/2016/unsettledweekend

Transpennine Tunnel
M67 motorway Transpennine tunnel is a proposed tunnel underneath the Peak District to link Manchester and Sheffield, with some of the proposed tunnel routes using the existing M67 route to link the M60 and M1 motorways.

Highways England interim report 2015.

The Trans-Pennine tunnel study was launched by the government in autumn 2015.

August 2016 Department for Transport released a list of 5 potential routes, with tunnel sections between 10 and 20 km long.

£1.3 million contract awarded to Mouchel/Hyder Consulting to study the viability of a trans-Pennine tunnel commissioned by the Department for Transport and Transport for the North. investigate the strategic and economic case for a new high-standard highway route between Manchester and Sheffield, including assessing the potential of combining with a rail or light rail link.

The government first published its five potential routes for the £6bn tunnel, which will link the M60 in Greater Manchester to the M1 in West Yorkshire, in August last year.Highways England said later that year there was “a strong strategic case” to build the tunnel, but said it would take between 20 and 25 years to build if consent and funding are both secured.

Zeus
https://reactionsnet.com/CatastropheCentre/Details?externalId=3319127 http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-03-06/storm-leaves-600000-french-households-without-power http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/actualite/meteosuisse-blog.subpage.html/fr/data/blogs/2017/3/nom-de-zeus.html http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/home/aktuell/meteoschweiz-blog.subpage.html/de/data/blogs/2017/3/also-sprahc-zeus.html https://www.tiempo.com/ram/318812/zeus-barre-francia/ http://actualite.lachainemeteo.com/actualite-meteo/2017-03-07-09h24/zeus---pourquoi-la-tempete-a-ete-plus-forte-que-prevu-32005.php

Thomas/Doris
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/february%E2%80%99s-storm-doris-weather-bombs-great-britain

Iberian 1941
one fo the top five windstorms to affect Europe in the 20th century. http://www.mapfre.com/mapfrere/docs/html/revistas/trebol/n56/docs/Articulo1en.pdf

according to Muir-Wood one of 5 most damaging storms to hit Europe in the 20 Century. Inundation around the Tagus estuary. The margins of the Tagus estuary were severely hit. Overall, the human losses in the estuary include 28 casualties, 14 wounded, 125 evacuees and 3 displaced.

Explosive cyclogenesis (1 hpa per hour over 24 hours) + description of meteorological development.

http://www.geography.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_naturwis/e_geowiss/c_igeogr/content/e39624/e39625/e39626/e632262/e632266/G92.10_ger.pdf

If we think about the trajectory followed by the storm we will realize that its center did not cross Santander (it left the Peninsula through Asturias), however the pressure there reached a minimum of 950 hPa.

https://www.tiempo.com/ram/287/el-historico-temporal-de-febrero-de-1941/

Great fire of Santander
15-16 February 1941