User:Lalhmudik/sandbox

The challenges encounter in living out the Christian life in the Hmar community
Introduction The Hmar’s are the group of hills tribes living in North East India belonging to the Chin-Kuki-Mizo ethnic group. The word ‘Hmar’ literally means ‘North’. Opinions, however, are sharply divided on the origin of the word ‘Hmar’. Hmar’s were identified by these names was that the Hmar’s were too clannish and preferred to be identified by the name of their clans rather than by a common nomenclature. The earlier writers, therefore could not find a common name for them, and seem to identify them, as they deemed appropriate. Hmar tribe has gained recognition as one of the scheduled tribe as per the sixth schedule of the constitution of India. They speak the Hmar language under the Tibeto-Burma language. Before the Christianity was reach they were worshipped rocks, mountains, caves and rivers. They believed that such objects are inhabited by good and bad spirits. They fear that the evil will punish them if they do not worship them. When Christianity has came in the year 1910. Christianity has opened their eyes to the deepest quest, and that is the assurance of eternal life in heaven with God after death. Our forefathers have realized that they no longer need to hunt heads so that their spirits may accompany them into the world of the death because Jesus Himself has promised to take them to heaven when they die. Today, they are found in Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura in India and Bangladesh and Myanmar. 1. The Origin of the Hmar 1.1. Original Home of Hmar Even though the Hmar do not have written records in the past, yet it is not impossible to reconstruct their history. In the absence of written records of their past events oral traditions are used extensively. Traditional practices, songs, folklores, folktales, legends, etc. which are handed down from generation to generation contain sufficient sources of information for the reconstruction of a meaningful history of the Hmar tribe. 1.2. Ancestral Home 1.2.1. Tradition-1: Theory of Jewish Connection The first tradition links the origin of the Hmars to the Israel. There are some references in Hmar folk songs and culture that have a tendency to support this theory. This folk song is sung in Sikpui Ruoi (winter festival), one of the oldest festival of the Hmars. This folk song, Sikpui Hla has a reversed place that the festival could start only after the song was sung with due solemnity. Let us cite the text of the song in Hmar and its meaning in English. Hmar	English Sikpui inthang kan ur laia Chang tuipui aw, senma hrili kang intan. Ke ra lawn a, ke leido aw Sunah sum ang, zanah mei lawn invak e. An tur a sa, thlu a ruol aw, In phawsiel le in ral feite zuong thaw ro. Sunra zula, ka leido aw, Ke ra lawn a, meisum ang lawn invak e Sun ra zula, ka leido aw, Laimi sa ang chang tuipuiin lem zova. A varuol aw la t ache, Suonglung chunga tuizuong put kha la t ache. While we are preparing for the Sikpui festival The big red sea becomes divided As we march forward fighting our foes. We are being led by a cloud during day And by a pillar of fire during night. Our enemies, o ye folks, are thick with fury, Come out with your shields and spears. Fighting our foes all day, we march along As cloud-fire goes afore. The enemies we fight all day, the big sea Swallowed them like beasts. Collect the quails, and fetch the water That springs out of the rock. The Sikpui hla refers to the liberation of the Israelites from the Egypt bondage and the events that followed before and after they crossed the Red Sea. This had led some local scholars and even Jewish rabbinical theologians in Israel to believe that the Kuki-Mizo-Zomi groups might perhaps be one of the lost tribes of Israel. As a result, more than two thousands Kuki-Mizos from Manipur and Mizoram have already migrated to Israel in recent times. A Hmar historian, Lal Dena writes, though there are no written documents to support the theory of the Jewish connection, there are similarities in the religious sacrificial rites and practices of the pre-Christian Hmars and the Jews in Biblical times. Hmar tradition also maintains that their first known ancestor was called Manmasi, Manmasi could perhaps be a formulated form of Manasseh, elder son of Joseph in the Old Testament.

1.2.2. Tradition -2: Sinlung Tradition Inspite of the fact that the Hmar lack written records, there are several traditions about their origin and their settlement which are handed down from generation to generation. One tradition maintains that the original home of Hmar is called Sinlung which is frequently mentioned in their tradition song, which says: Hmar	English Kan siengna Sinlung ram inthang ka nu ram ka pa ram ngei, Chawngzil ang ko kir thei changsien, ka nu ram ka pa ram ngei (Pudaite, 1963:21)	My motherland, famous Sinlung, Home of my ancestors. Could it be called back like Chawngzil Home of my ancestor. The above stanza clearly describes the feeling of Hmar people on Sinlung after they left it. The song depicts their deep attachment to the place and wishes that they could go back there. Under what circumstance that the Hmar left Sinlung is not known. Hranglien Songate (19977:13) argues that the Hmar must have been one of those people who migrated from Central China to South China to avoid severe punishments from their cruel rulers like Shih-Hwang-Ti whose repressive policy forced them to rigorous labor in constructing the Great Wall of China about 2500 miles in length. One of their folk songs relevant on this may be cited: Hmar	English Khaw Singlungah kot siel ang ka zuong suok a, Mi le nel lo tam e, hriemi hraiah Out of city Sinlung, I jumped out like a mithun, Innumerable were the encounter, with the children of men.

The above cited song claims that they hurriedly left Sinlung like a mithun jumping out of the cage, perhaps, due to their inability to repulse their enemies. Whatever might have been the reason; there had been some compelling factors for which they had to leave Sinlung. Some local scholars like Rochunga Pudaite (1963:22-23) assumed that the China dynasty absorbed many of the tribes that were already in China. Those who refused to be absorbed were pushed out and the Hmar people could perhaps be one among them. Whatever may be the truth, it appears that oral tradition claims the Hmar people originally come from Central China.

1.2.3. Tradition-3: Shan Tradition After Sinlung the next known settlement of the Hmars was at Shan. There are places both in China and Myanmar which bear the word ‘Shan’. In china, there are Min Shan (north Szechuan), Yunlun Shan (southwest Szechuan), Liang Shan and Wuhan Shan (Yunan province). Speaking in terms of ethnicity, there are Tai Shan, Lao Shans, Yun Shans, etc. The Shan referred in to the Hmar traditional songs could perhaps be the Yunlun Shan west of Sinlung mention above and settled some centuries. Later on by crossing over the Mekong River the Salween River, the Hmar and other kindred tribes then live among the Mishmi tribe for over a generation. Here Sura, a well-known character and folk hero among the Kuki-Mizo group. From Mishmiland, the Hmar moved westward and settled in Kachin state in Myanmar. From Kachin they followed the Chinwin River and entered Dimphai. From Dimphai the Hmars moved further west, following the Chinwin River again and finally settled at Kawlphai for several centuries. It appears that many of the Hmars clans and institution of chieftainship evolved during their settlement in the kawlphai valley. It was said that Luopui of the Thiek clan planted a banyan tree at khampat. Under what circumstances the Hmar leave Burma? According to L. Keivom, the Hmar might have forced to leave Burma by the more powerful Shans. But some Mizo historian says ‘in search of a good land the Hmar were entered into the present Mizoram and they are the first who settled in the land of Mizoram. Wherever the Hmars settled in Mizoram and elsewhere, they named their villages after the name of their clan or sub-clans some such villages are as follow: Bapui, Darngawn, Keivom, Tuolte, Vangsie, Ngente, Leiri, Zote, Khawbung, Thiek, Khawzawl, Biete, Sungte, Haulawng, etc.

1.3.	The spreading of the Hmar Tribes The Hmar, after the flourishing and peaceful life in the Shan for a generation were compelled to break up to different directions and places. Three reasons were put forward for the dispersion of the Hmar tribe. Firstly, the Hmar were force out of their settlement by severe famine. Secondly, they moved out of the land in search of a better land with plenty of wild animals to kill. Thirdly, the Burmese invaded Shan state between, A.D. 1287-1531. Probably the Hmar left Shan due to this invasion. Whatever may be the reason; the Hmar left Shan state and moved towards the Chin Hills of Burma. Since there was a constant conflict with other tribes they kept on moving till they reached the Lushai Hill now known as Mizoram in India. The Hmars were already settled in Mizo Hills when the Lushais came there. some of the Mizoram villages today are still in existence such as, Bapui, Darngawn, Keivom, Tuolte, Vangsie, Ngente, Leiri, Zote, Khawbung, Thiek, Khawzawl, Biete, Sungte, Haulawng, etc., which were built by the Hmars and bear the names after their Clans. In the course of time the majority moved out of Mizo due to Lushais invasion and they spread as far as Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, and Tripura in India and Bangladesh and. at present day the majority of the Hmars are settled in Manipur.

2. Social Cultural of the Hmar 2.1. The Village Generally the Hmar villages were located upon hill tops or ridges. A good, defensive position was always taken into consideration in the selection of a side for a village. Because the Hmar were constantly in conflict with neighboring tribes. Head-hunting was a favored spare-time activity in earlier days. This practice forced the Hmar’s to build villages fenced with a stockade made of wood and bamboo. The Hmar villages were fairly large during the time when inter-tribal wars were wild. However, the advent of British rule suppressed the tribal wars and the stockades built around the villages were removed, and also the size of the villages became smaller. Anywhere fifty to Eight hundred houses are living today.

2.2. Village Administration The political system among the Hmar tribe was based on kinship relationship. The focal points to highlight are the chieftainship and the concept of territory. ‘The village is the highest political unit, and the chief and council of his ministers of the village have to function within the village jurisdiction.’

2.3. Bachelor’s Quarters Another cultural characteristic of the Hmar people was the institution of Bachelors’ quarter, called Boungzawl in Hmar. It was a regular meeting place of the young people, and the Centre of social, religious and cultural life. Access to the inside of the building is through a single entrance, entered by climbing over a huge beam of wood. A large fireplace is constructed at the Centre in which a fire is constantly kept burning. All men and boys above fifteen years of age sleep together in this place. The firewood was supplied by the boys who were between seven too fifteen years of age. ‘The boys and men were given rigorous training and village government.’ The Buongzawl introduced a well-established form of ‘discipline fully in keeping with the requirement of the society to the young men. It also played a very significant role in imparting the tribal philosophy of life called ‘Tlawmngaina’, which is unreserved self-sacrifice for the good of the community. Lalkhawlien Pulamte states that, the Boungzawl attached importance to village life. Crucial issues such as rape and murder cases, and any possible threat to the safety of the village, were often brought up for consideration and discussion in the Boungzawl. The decisions taken in the Zawlbuk or Buongzawl were regarded as final and executed accordingly.

2.4. Family The Hmar society is a patriarchal one. The Father is the head of the family. He is responsible for all important decisions in the family and represents the family in all public meetings. The family is the most important learning center. The children learn how to do household work, how to behave in society, and the different responsibilities of women. A child learns the family administration under the guidance of the family. Educational activities and the processes surround him from sunrise to sundown. He is thoroughly educated to perpetuate the religion, culture and tradition of his family before he leaves his parents to start a new home of his own.

2.5. Marriage The Hmars follow the patriarchal system of marriage. The practice of bride price is still prevalent and the youngest daughter usually gets an extra price called “Nuzum”. The youngest of the male gets to inherit his family's home and is responsible to take care of family properties.

2.6. Agriculture Agriculture is the main occupation of the Hmar people although they practiced herding, fishing and hunting. The method they have been applying for agriculture is a primitive shifting or jhumming cultivation which the anthropologists called swidden (an agriculture field cleared by slashing and burning). While rice is the main crop, millet, maize, chili and a few vegetables are also cultivated. The Hmars are very fond of rearing animals. Their main domestic animal consists of fowl, pig, cattle, dog, goat and mithun. They usually keep them for sacrificing and ceremonial purposes. Besides, they do hunting and trapping to kill wild animals and birds for food. They are delighted to pass their time in the jungle with their muzzle-loading gun. 2.7. Festivals Chapchar Kût: This festival is usually celebrated sometime in March after completion of their most arduous task of Jhum operation, i.e. jungle-clearing. This is a spring festival celebrated with éclat. Mim Kût: Mim Kut or Maize Festival is usually celebrated during the month of August and September, after the harvest of Maize. It is celebrated with great fanfare by drinking rice-beer, singing, dancing and merrymaking. Samples of previous year’s harvest are consecrated to the departed souls of their community. Pawl Kût: A Festival which is celebrated usually in the later part of December or beginning part of January every year after the crops are reaped. It is perhaps the greatest festival, with plenty of grains in the barn and all the labors of the year over, what better time is there than this to have a grand festival. Sikpui Kût: Sikpui Kut or winter festival is usually celebrated early in the month of December after all the harvest work is over. This is the oldest festival of the Hmar. The festival could start only after the song was sung. Let us cite the text of the song; Sikpui inthang kan ur laia, changtuipui aw, senma hrili kang intan. Ke ra lawng a, ka leido aw, sunah sum ang, zanah mei lawn invak e. An tur a sa, thlu a ruol aw, in phawngsiel le in ral feite zuong thaw ro. Sunra zula, ka leido aw, ke ra lawm a, meisum ang lawn invak e. Sun ra zula, ka leido aw, laimi sa ang chang tuipu in len zova. A varuol aw la t ache, suonglung chunga tuizuong put kha la t ache. Which may be translated in English as follows:- While we are preparing for the Sikpui festival, the big red sea becomes divided. As we march forward fighting our foes. We are being led by a cloud during day and by a pillar of fire during night. Our enemies, O ye folks, are thick with fury, come out with our shields and spears. Fighting our foes all day, we march along as cloud-fire goes afore. The enemies we fight all day, the big sea swallowed them like beasts. Collect the quails, and fetch the water that springs out of the rock.

3. Religious Life of Hmar 3.1. The Spirits The Hmar people believe in the existence of numerous spirits which are good and bad spirits. They also believe that the souls of some dead persons become demons. This belief in spirits was central to the Hmar belief system because they thought that spirit were involved in their personal and everyday life. Spirits were believed to dwell in caves, streams, mountains, rock, jungles and cemetery. Every illness and misfortune was attributed to them. In order to appease these spirits, people use to sacrifice their belongings. These practices cost the Hmar a great deal in term of time, property, cattle and food. These spirits were known by different names. Rochunga Pudaite mentioned some of the names of the Spirit the Hmars believed in his book Education of the Hmar People with Historical Sketch of the People. They are: Khawchawm, Khuovang,  Zasam,  Phung and finally Lasi. After they discovered a much greater and more powerful God in Jesus Christ, it is claimed that the animistic belief that these numerous spirits were the determining factor in their daily lives was abandoned. However, after becoming Christians, a huge void was left open in their belief system as the spirits had a significant role to play in their lives. Moreover, the issue was not addressed or handled sensibly neither by the early missionaries nor by the Church. Consequently, even today, after a century of Christianity, many people continue to believe in the existence of spirits and its powers.

3.2. The Priests In the hierarchical system of power structure in the village the priest is next to the chief. Thus a man of merit in the field of religious practice was appointed by the chief for the position of Lal thiempu, chief’s priest. ‘Pudaite observes that the Thiempu, priest is next to the chief (Lal) in power, and there are areas where his power is greater than that of the chief.’ ‘His main responsibility was to offer sacrifices to god so that the community was well as individuals might have better health and blessings.’ The priest gets all directions through dreams and visions, ‘as to what he should do, when and with what materials or ingredients, what incantations are to be used for all his duties. In order to maintain his professional status in the village, the claimed to have power over all evil spirits. Thus, Hudson says that the priest ‘is generally not a heredity office … he interpret dreams and omens… he is an empirical scientist and has made useful discoveries, especially of the medical virtues of jungle herbs and roots.’

3.3. Life after Death The Hmars were very much aware of the fact that unlike the other creatures human beings had an imperishable soul which continued to survive even after our physical body is perished. They were also very much aware of the existence of heavenly home where the souls of men eternally lived. There were three places where the spirits of the death were supposed to live call ‘Thlaru khawvel’ (the spirit world). The spirit worlds were called mithikhuo- village of the death, Vanram- heaven and Pielral- paradise.

3.4. Ancestor Worship The Hmar were firmly belief that there is the spirit, not only the father but also every departed soul, are unable to adopt Mithikhuo; and they are constantly present and need to be appropriated within one year after their death. These spirits come to a mountain called Hringlang Tlang (living visible mountain) which lies between earth and Mithikhuo. Children’s spirit especially finds it hard, it is believed, to settle in Mithikhuo, and the parents prepare special meals and offerings on the grave all the time. This is called religion or sakhuo. At the end of one year the family prepares a special feast. The priest is called to perform a certain rite called Thinthi. Colorful clothes and skirts and feathers of birds are hung over the grave as the final rite for the dead. The spirit finally departs from earth. Then some friendly spirits in Mithikhuo give him water called Lunglotui which removes all the ties and feelings about the living. Following this pretty little girls welcome the dead with beautiful flower called Hawilopar, and the spirit has no desire for the land of the living.

4. The coming of Christianity The origin and development of Christianity in southern Manipur cannot be discussed as apart from the coming of Christianity in Mizoram because this is the place where the Gospel came from and reached among the people of Hmar tribe in Southern Manipur.

4.1. The entry of Gospel in Mizoram The entrance of Christianity in Mizoram, is therefore one of the most interesting historical events in the history of the Church as far as the change of a society by a religion is concerned. In fact if Christianity could change people, it was more with the Mizos. Within 60 years of its existence, the whole state almost hundred percent turned to Christianity. The Rev. Williams was the first missionaries who visited Mizoram. Williams was sent by the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Foreign mission who stationed in the Khasi Hills. He came to Aizawl in the early part of 1891, in March. During his brief stay for a month, he preached the Gospel of Jesus Christ using some pictures through the help of Khasi interpreter. As the situation arising out of the long drawn out skirmished between the Lushai and others with constant raid of each other, Williams was not allowed to continue there for longer time. On April 11, in the same year he left Aizawl and returned to Khasi Hills at Shella. He had a great burden for the people of Mizos who lived in Mizoram and tried to persuade his mission to adopt Mizoram as mission field. Before he could go further, he suddenly died of typhoid. This man was the first missionary voice of the Gospel of Jesus Christ among the Mizos who are living at the present time in Mizoram.

4.2. Arthington Aborigines mission In England, the report of Williams about the need of missionaries was heard, but no immediate step was taken by the home mission. At the same time a wealthy Christian Robert Arthington had heard of Winchester’s death and became greatly burdened to send missionaries to the fierce headhunting tribes on North East India. So he established the Arthington Aborigines mission for the purpose in 1889. The two missionaries under the Arthington Aborigines mission were James Herbert Lorrain (whom the mizos people called pu, Buanga, meaning- Sir, the white one) and Frederick William Savidge (better known as sap Upa which is interpreted “the old white man”) J.H Lorriains and F.W. Savidge arrived at Aizawl on January 6, 1894. About their pioneering work, A.M. Chirgwin wrote thus: “In the next four years they learned the vernacular, carried out the stupendous task of reducing the language to writing, published a Mizo primer, a catechism on the Bible, a hymn book, a grammar and dictionary; started simple medical and educational work, taught many of the Mizo boys to read and preach the Gospel news. It was a great beginning”.

4.3. The welsh Presbyterian mission Fortunately, before Lorrain and savidge left Mizoram, the Welsh Missionary Rev. D.E. Jones, whom the Lushai’s called Zosaphluia, had arrived at Aizawl on 31 August 1897 along with Khasi Christian teacher Raj Bahadur. He was taught ‘the Lushais language’ by Lorrain and savidge. After spending Christmas together at Aizawl, Lorrain and his friend left London in December 1898. Rev. D.E. Jones and Raj Bahadur toured Mizoram and traveled widely, preaching the Gospel, providing medicines and teaching to read and write particularly the children. With help of Raj Bahadur, Jones had opened a school on his small verandas in Aizawl after five months of his arrival. Thus the missionary and educational works were carried on in Mizoram. Khuma and khara, the first Christian in Mizoram were Baptized on 25 June 1899 by Rev. D.E. Jones. In 1901, another three men- phaisama, tawka and thanga were baptized. Gradually the number of Christian increased and in 1902, there were thirty four communicant members in spite of persecutions. In December 1898, another missionary, whose name was Edwin Rowlands, whom the Mizos called ‘Zosapthara’, joined Rev. D.E. Jones. He was born in 1867 at pensern, in Abergela. Jones and Roland worked well together and the usual pattern of their working system were for one of them to stay in Aizawl whiles the other one visiting the villages. Dr. Peter Fraser M.D. and his wife Mary Catherine arrived at Aizawl in December 1908. He was the first person who came to Mizoram as medical missionary. He and his wife, Mary Catherine, a talented singer belonged to the first group under the Calvinistic Methodist foreign mission.

4.4. The coming of Walkin Robarts in Southern Manipur Walkin R. Roberts was born on 21 September 1886. At one afternoon meeting of the Keswick conventions in 1908, he listened with rapt attention to Dr. Peter Fraser’s passionate plea: ‘Hundreds of tribes in Assam and North East India are in utter darkness. They need the Gospel. They need Jesus to save them from their heathen darkness. There he dedicated his life to missionary work in India. So he decided to travel with Dr. and Mrs. Frasers as he was deeply impressed by Fraser. They sailed for India on October 14, 1908, arrived at Aizawl which is in Mizoram. Dr. Fraser took charge of the medical clinic at Aizawl and Mr. Robert acted as dispenser and private helper of Fraser. He was paid by Dr. Fraser and stayed with them. All the Welsh missionaries who came to North East India Dr. Peter Fraser was the most daring. He could not even close his eyes to the obnoxious institution of slavery in Mizos society. He fought tooth and nail for the abolition of slavery, often in the face of opposition from British officials and also incurred the wrath of his fellow missionaries at home and on the mission field. All through this critical period, Robert stood solidly behind Dr, peter Fraser. Robert soon mastered the Mizos language and apart from his clinical work in the mission dispensary at Aizawl, he engaged in evangelistic work among the peoples. A Small gift of five pounds given to Walkin Roberts by a lady friend provided the initial impetus to the evangelization movement. Robert decided to purchase enough bound copies of the Gospel of John in Mizos language to present one to each village chief in Mizoram and even beyond, along with a letter asking each one to acknowledge receipt and let Roberts know what was being done with the gospel send to them. Many chief became converts. Kamkholun, chief of senvawn, the biggest Hmar villages in the Southern Manipur hills adjoining Mizoram, also happened to receive a copy of the gospel of John. He sends back the book through messengers with an appeal written on the flyleaf: ‘Sir, come yourself, and tell us about this book and your God’. On receiving invitation to explain the Gospel. Walking Robert accompanied by two of their supported students from Manipur, Thangkai and Lungpau came to the chief of Senvawn village to explain the Gospel to them. That was in early 1910. Once the team was back in Aizawl, Dr. P. Fraser and Walking Robert went in to immediate preparation to send missionaries to Senvawn village. They sent a telegraph to the political agent in Manipur Lt, Major Cole requesting him permission to send their men to Manipur. As soon as affirmative reply was received, they asked for volunteers among their supported students and three persons. Savawma, Vanzika and Thangchhingpuia (known as Taitea), who came forward to work among the people of Manipur South Within three months after their initial visit these three young men’s were sent to work among the people of Senvawn. Dr. Laldena also mentioned in his book that Walking, R. Robert soon recruited native worker among the raw convert for the new pioneer mission at Senvawn. With regard to the entry of Manipur south, Dr. Th. Lamboi vaiphei wrote “The party left Aizawl and after a few days crossed the Tuivai River at Rahnamchhauh with the help of some Meitei who carried them by their small boats to cross the river, this happen on May 7, 1910, and the date has been accepted as missionary day simply because of the fact that the missionary crossed in to Manipur area on this day with a firm decision to spread the gospel in this remote jungle of Manipur south”.

5. The challenges encounter in living out the Christian life in the Hmar community 5.1. Wealth in the place of God Jesus taught that money has its proper use, but that peoples’ attitude toward it can be dangerous. You either believe that money rules or that God does: ‘No one can be a slave to two masters. Either you will hate the one and love the other, or you will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot be a slave to both God and Money. We are living in computer aid and technology world people are living in a competition mind therefore most of the Christian in the world, they are only dreaming for their wealth with the effect of education and influence of media the people of Hmar are also changing their life style and God in faith now we can see most of the parents and youth they are crazy in earning money, I am not argue them but at this present we find many of the people who are in metropolitan city like Delhi, Chennai and Bangalore etc with the greedy of money they even sell them self to people and having a bad attitude for earning their livelihood. They even don’t have a mind to take important for worshiping God. They are giving more important money for their life therefore here we will highly what the bible wants to teach in need of wealth.

5.2. Wealth as an obstacle to faith According to David Miller, Martin Luther viewed Mammon (or the desire for wealth) as “the most common idol on earth”. Miller cites Jesus’ encounter with the rich ruler Mark 10:17-31 as an example of wealth being an obstacle to faith. According to Miller, it is not the rich man’s wealth per se that is the obstacle but rather the man’s reluctance to give up that wealth in order to follow Jesus. Miller cites Paul’s observation in 1st Timothy that, “people who want to get rich fall into temptation and a trap and into many foolish and harmful desires that plunge men into ruin and destruction." 1 Timothy 6:9. Paul continues on with the observation that "the love of money is the root of all evil." 1Timothy 6:10 Miller emphasizes, “It is the love of money that is the obstacle to faith, not the money itself.” 	Jesus looked around and said to his disciples, “How hard it is for the rich to enter the kingdom of God!” The disciples were amazed at his words. But Jesus said again, “Children, how hard it is to enter the kingdom of God! It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of God.” The disciples were even more amazed, and said to each other, “Who then can be saved?” Jesus looked at them and said, “With man this is impossible, but not with God; all things are possible with God.” Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moth and rust do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also. Matthew 6 19:21 Jesus counsels his followers to remove from their lives those things which cause them to sin, saying “If your hand causes you to sin, cut it off. It is better for you to enter life maimed than to go with two hands into hell, where the fire never goes out.” Mark 9:42-49. Therefore looking to the life of Hmar community in North East India most of the people are taking must important for their wealth more than God therefore the Bible has remind us in what way the Christian should give important for their wealth (Matt.6:33). The apostle Paul wrote, in his letter to the Corinthians, "You are not your own; you were bought with a price" (1 Corinthians 6:19-20). As Christians, our lives belong to God, and he asks us to be faithful with what belongs to him. Jesus said that being faithful means loving God with all our heart, soul, mind and strength (Luke 10:27). Basically, he was saying we should surrender every part of our lives to him.

5.3.	Satan worship among the Mizo’s Youth The church in the predominantly Christian north-eastern state of Mizoram is grappling to fight a bizarre phenomenon of tribal adolescences worshipping Satan, seeking supernatural powers to perform miracles. Satan-worshipping groups in the Christian-majority State of Mizoram are waging an anti-Christian campaign by burning copies of the Bible, vandalising churches and defiling cemeteries. One such group entered a church after midnight on 24 July 2006 and burned the copies of the Bible and urinated on the pulpit “It appears they sacrificed an animal on the pulpit and splattered its blood on the altar and chair of the worship leader,” said Rev B Sangthanga, the head pastor of the church in Kolasib district (Mizoram) of the northeastern Indian State. “Last year, some young men of our village confessed to worshipping Satan. Our investigation has found that the same group is behind this attack on the church.” Rev B Sangthanga said the acts of vandalism “carry signatures of the Mizo Satan followers. Now their attack on our church proves that the number of Satanists is growing across the State with village adolescences joining them.” The villagers did not report the attack to the police, choosing instead to pray for “God’s intervention to help the misguided adolescences return to the right path.” But other recent incidents have led to the arrests of young Satan worshippers on charges of vandalism at religious places. One study has found there are as many as 95 Satan-worshipping groups in Mizoram. More than 50 cases have been reported in which the groups vandalised churches, burned the copies of the Bible or defiled cemeteries. Some of them conduct midnight gatherings at isolated cemeteries, where they are reported to dance naked, slash their wrists in ritual blood offerings and chant invocations to Satan. They sometimes write graffiti in their blood, Police said a group of young boys and girls were found invoking Satan by chanting hymns inside a cemetery late in the night with a monkey skull kept in the middle. messages such as “dog si nataS” - the reverse of “Satan is god.” is what was written on the monkey skull and the group offered blood by slashing their wrist,” the police official said. “The trend is nothing, but shocking,” Reverend Vanlalchhungah, moderator of the Mizoram Presbyterian Synod, said. The Synod has appointed a group of clerics from the Theological College in Aizawl to probe reports of adolescences invoking Satan in cemeteries by offering blood from self-inflicted wounds. “The adolescences often cut their wrist with blades and then suck their own blood as an offering to Satan. They want to do wonders or miracles by invoking Satan,” said Reverend L H Rawsealh, a faculty member of the Theological College investigating the weird practice. The genesis of this trend dates back to 2000 with community elders and church leaders citing incidents of adolescences practicing such bizarre things inspired by television shows and films about the paranormal and the occult. “Most of the cases that we have heard were being practiced by adolescences who are drug addicts and influenced by films,” said Reverend Chuauthuama, a senior church leader and a lecturer at the Theological College. The revelations have shocked people in Mizoram, where close to 90 per cent of the under one million people are Christians. “The art of black magic or maybe superstitious beliefs imbibed on these power hungry adolescences could be reasons,” Chuauthuama said. In some places, adolescences were reported to have desecrated church buildings and the pulpits, besides burning down Bibles. Adolescence were not only the victim of Satan, even a very minor kids were also included, different types of toys, computer games, pictures were used by Satan to increase his kingdom, parents who take care of their children had to be very cautious. Today in Mizoram which we called Satanic who worship Satan were very young minor students. Their parents had kept them in a hostel, out of their parents touch they consider themselves quite free with the approaching of the annual exams they realized they knew nothing, they were scared of being failed and repeated the same class and scolded by their parents, as a result they approach the devil  and pray for help, they were being greatly influenced by their friends and wanted to have a try. In Aizawl city there were a number of students with this type of situations. Sometime back there was a rumor that some suspected satanic worshippers used to meet at Rengkai Cemetery late in the night. But after careful investigation by the local people, nothing concrete was found and the rumor just disappeared with time. However, if the reports given during the recent Spiritual Leaders’ Conference on Satanism and Demonic Activities convened by Pastor Lallienmawi at Bethel Counseling Center, Lower Lamka during November 21-22, 2011, are to be taken into consideration, it is painfully clear that this was no simple ordinary rumor! Pastor Lallienmawi hails from Rengkai and has been blessed with a successful ministry in and around New Delhi for the last several years. Recently he returned to Churachandpur in response to God’s call to work among his own people and it was then that he started this Bethel Counseling Centre. The Conference mentioned above was designed for Church leaders and lay leaders who are considered to be spiritually matured and the purpose was to discuss and consult on the matter of satanic activities that are becoming more prevalent in Churachandpur town. The following is a brief report of the discussion According to a reliable source, it is estimated that there are 500 to 700 active Satanic worshippers including 180 women right here in Churachandpur town. The group is led by three key leaders among whom one is from Paite community, one is from Hmar community and one is from a Non-Tribal (Vai). One of the members is a son of a pastor who took the initiative of spreading a message through the internet that Jesus is not a historical person but only a myth. It is said that some satanic worshippers in the West came across his message and they sent him $5000 to help in his satanic evangelism. The report further states that this group would often meet on a particular hill beyond the Muolvaiphei village, known as Cherep tlang by the local people, during full moon night where they would observe a solemn moment of satanic worship. During this moment of worship, they lit four candles with a goat head in the middle and they would use animal blood as sacrifice to Satan. During this ritual all the participants removed all their clothes and would stand around completely naked. Then a round of drugs or dendrite (A glue with intoxicating element) will follow and everyone will have sex freely. These are a part of the worship rituals. It is also reported that such moments of worship were also held inside a church as an act of defiance to Jesus Christ. According to the statement of a person who was recently converted from Satanism, he was told by Satan that he is no longer satisfied with animal blood and is demanding human blood for sacrifice. Satan promised him that if he fulfills this particular demand, he will give him more power. The man started thinking that if he is to comply with this demand it would mean that he will have to kill someone and he was not prepared for such a brutal crime. It was from that moment he began to realize that worshipping Satan is going to lead him in to something which he has not bargained for, and this eventually led to his conversion. One of the main reasons why our young people are so easily attracted to satanic worship is that you are never short of pocket money. If there is a job to be done and they need money, they would walk in the street and passersby would randomly drop their wallets before them without being aware of it. Such are easy money for satanic disciples done through satanic power. Another reason is that boys can have any girl they want. And once they have a girl with them they can do whatever they want with them. If they want to have sex with them they can make the girls sexually aroused or make them become unconscious during which they do whatever they want with them. Though the organizers wanted to maintain the privacy of those who are involved, one boy who was recently converted from Satanism was bold enough to stand before the gathering at the Conference and shared about his experience. According to this boy, his parents divorced during his childhood and his father remarried and they were both always drunk. He felt so loss and hopeless in this world and out of desperation he decided to follow Satan and that was way back in 2005. The fact that Satan is alive and can be literally worshiped is clear from the fact that those who have worshiped him, claim to have some demonic power in them! They have power to steal and rob people easily without making them aware of it. They even claimed to be able to disappear from human sight when the need arise. The main target of this satanic group is the young people. According to them, they cannot completely wipe off the name of Jesus Christ here in this town. But if they can win the hearts of the young people, then the name of Jesus Christ will be completely wipe off in the next generation. They are doing everything possible to achieve this goal. Dear friends, these are the kind of things that confront us right in our own society. We said that we are all Christians and we have raised many beautiful church buildings in every nook and corner of our town. We take our bibles and we crises-crossed each other’s in the streets on Sunday morning with bibles in our hands. And it is during this very moment that our enemy Satan is actively busy luring our young people with empty promises of money, sex and pleasures towards the path of destruction. The writer had interview with Evan. Ramhnungthang, He is the elder in the church and involved in the adolescence ministry since 1997, Wesleyan Methodist church Churachandpur Manipur, he is also a counselor , who involved in counseling a adolescence who are part of the Satanic worshipper. These statements below are some his views;

What do you think and as you see be the reason behind this Satanism of the adolescence? Rev. 1. Young people wanted to be something else, wanted to have some short of ability of superiority. 2. Influenced by super heroes movies, music. 3. Children from a broken family. 4. Influenced by friends to try it. 5. for Sexual enjoyment. 6. Wanting of money for buying Drugs and alcohol.

What were the natures of their worship? Rev: Sacrifices were common in their worship, a star pentagram and a Goat head was placed and they prayed for blessing. Satan also blessed them they were quite been blessed, in return Satan demanded a blood sacrificed, they drop their blood in a paper and after the sacrifice they burn away the paper due to fear of caught. they sacrifice animals and sometimes they cut their own body and sacrifice with their blood, Satan demanding keeps on increasing and it comes to the extent that he demand the blood of baby. When do they usually sacrifice? Rev: They usually sacrifice in the full moon night, in isolated places, like Cemetery. In the night of their sacrifice there used to appeared a spirit in a human form can be seen and vanish again when the sacrifice was over.

Do they really get the power? Rev: Yes they do, Satan do granted their prayer giving them money and what they asked for, they got a power even to make people unconscious by looking, they also got the power to  controlled and  have physical sex with women and even someone wives. According to your finding what are the age of this worshippers? Rev: They were quite young mostly between 14-16 yrs. And the youngest here is 8 yrs old. Is there any mature person involved or just all of them were minor? Rev: Yes, a very mature person like a high Government employee and even a religious leader were also involved.

From where do they usually come from? Rev: Well the devil really tried to deceive and harm the Christians as a result we saw most of the Christians states were always the target place of the devil. the devil wanted to take revenge by taking his children by deceiving them with money, fame, power etc. they mainly come from foreign and reach India and gradually from Mizoram to Manipur. Where there Mizoram is almost 100% Christian states and in Manipur it hit the Christian areas i.e, Churachandpur where almost all of them were Christian.

Do they have something like an evangelist who tried to convert others? Rev: Yes they do, we got a report that before Christmas around 11 persons are coming from other state for a mission. And again later we got information that around 200 members were coming in search of a Children blood. Are all the group worship together as one? Rev: No, there are many different groups, and they worship in separate places, they also got different rank and ability. They even fight for power between groups, the higher they are in the level.

Can they easily turn back to God? Rev: Turning back is difficult it also depend according to their seniority, as far as I know almost all of them regret. We are busy in doctrines, in establishing new Church, criticizing other churches, where we neglect the members especially the adolescence, and thus this is the result. We really need to change our self and start to focus on the members. Therefore it is so shock and painful for me to hear and know about this that has been existing in my own community among the Mizo’s. But it is not too late to fight for our own people and for God to exterminate this evil from our community. Thus, i urge especially young people to come up to fight against this for Christ sake and i am sure that we can defeat this with the help of God for His Glory.

6. Influence of Mass Media The mass media is a convenient vehicle where information and entertainment is easily accessible to the public everywhere. There is no doubt that an advertisements and posters alert us the latest’s,  which are available for the public. But we must note that mass media has powerful impacts on society. The mass media have an affected on our society both positive and negative. It has programmed in our thoughts, how we dress and how we relate to one another. Therefore Mass media has a lot of positive impact in our country as well as our society knowing with the positive but there is also negative impact therefore here in this paper we will see the negative impact which it can distract our faith with God and how we can overcome all this negative impact let us see some of the negative impact. a.	Countless young boys and girls leads to misused their nature or life, sex before marriage b.	 Through mass media people can violence, c.	Mass media can influence the youngster’s drug and alcohol d.	Mass media can lead the young people in destructive manner especially for the teens. e.	Mass Media can damage the innocence life of reality and their genuine perception of the outside world f.	Mass media largely influences the young people to act and behave in a certain way which is not accepted by the society and the people around them. g.	Disobedience leads to destruction, which leads to teenage pregnancy, drug abuse etc. 7. The work of Devil in Music Music is a gift from God; it is a channel by which we communicate our thoughts our feelings far beyond mere words. It has been a powerful instrument from the very beginning of its existence. Even in the scripture it played a very crucial role. Music itself is divine and heavenly. It is the magic word that leads our heart and soothes our soul. According to Daring Zschesch, “Music is so important in worship because music was created to communicate God’s nature, his glory”. Music which had been given by God to the heavenly host in order praise him, it is a very powerful instrument, and we are going to see how Satan deceive Millions of  youth by using Music as his powerful tool.

7.1 The fall of Devil The Bible, the holy scripture have a lot to say about the concept of turning oneself to evil instead of God. The bible is a collection of 66 books written by 40 different men who were directly inspired by God. “Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation? While the morning stars sang together and all the angels shouted for joy? Job 38:4,7 The morning star sing together to praise the God, while the angels sing God created in a miracle way the earth. However in the book of Isaiah the morning star turned away from God and he was immediately casted out from heaven. ‘How you have fallen from heaven, O morning star, son of the dawn! You have been cast down to the earth, you who once laid low the nations! You said in your heart, “I will ascend to heaven; … I will make myself like the Most High.” But you are brought down to the grave, to the depths of the pit’ Isaiah 14:12-15 Satan who was created to worship God, he has been created with wonderful gifts in singing and in music out of pride turned from using his gifts to good used them instead for evil, to draw them away from God to himself. Thus, it is not very hard to see songs and music today as Satan parts of instrument, he was created to worship to praise, to sing with music after his had been cast out from heaven he used music as his effective tool in deceiving others. Satan thought is always and will be to draw people thought away from God and put on other things and draw them closer and closer in worshiping to him selves. ‘Again, the devil took him to a very high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their splendor. “All this I will give you,” he said, “if you will bow down and worship me.” Matthew 4:8-9 His strategy is no different today he offers; power, fame, richness. If they bow down and worship him. And there is only one remedy what Jesus himself gave, Jesus said to him, “Away from me, Satan! For it is written: ‘Worship the Lord your God, and serve him only.’’ Unfortunately, many in the Music industry decide not to following Jesus step, in so doing had sold their sold to Satan for Rock and Roll;

For Example: What Rock Bands said in their songs: An American boy of 14 yrs. His name Tommy slice his mother throat  and pull out her eyes then he killed himself. Tommy father said before this incidence happen Tommy had listened to Rock music for weeks and weeks. The lyrics which said “shed a lot of blood and kill your mother”. In Charter Lakeside Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee the medical doctors Dr. Paul King disclose that among his patience more than 80% were influenced by the rock music, the lyric was used as a means to lead their lives, and used it as religions”. Kerby Anderson in his book ‘the emerging Generation’ wrote that ‘ Teenagers had listened more than 6 hours to rock music, he also mentioned that Rock Music were used by the Teenagers as the Guide and teacher  of their everyday lives. If it is so looking at the lyrics one had no doubt that why they follow certain evil path. There is much rock music which had a strong collaboration with Satanism; many of their songs were thrilled to be listened by the Christian. Among those many Rock bands I would like to pin point some few popular bands and what their lyrics said ; Metallica: Metallica songs “Jump in the fire”, it said ‘Follow me now my child…DO JUST AS I SAY… Jump by your will or be taken by force I’ll get you either way…So reach down grab my hand walk with me through the land COME HOME WHERE YOU BELONG So come on JUMP IN THE FIRE.” In one of their songs ‘The Prince’ it said “Angel from below… I WISH TO SELL MY SOUL…DEVIL TAKE MY SOUL, with diamonds you repay I don’t care for heaven so don’t you look for me to cry AND I WILL BURN IN HELL from the day I die.”

Bonjovi: BonJovi also sing in his song, “Homebound Train” that “When I was just a boy. THE DEVIL TOOK MY HAND Took me from my home He made me a man… I’m going DOWN, DOWN, DOWN, DOWN, DOWN On the homebound train.” Slayer: In the Rock history-the famous band which regarded as their name will never be forgotten Slayer were also the part of the Satanic band and asked their fans to worship Satan. In one of their album it said, ‘In Lord Satan we trust’ they sold more than millions of copies. In their song, ‘Hell Awaits’-the lyrics said: “Jesus knows your soul cannot be saved CRUCIFY THE SO CALLED LORD He soon shall fall to me your souls are damned, Your God has fallen to slave for me eternally Hell awaits.” In May 1989, one of the fans of Slayer wrote in Spin magazine- “I Hate your god Jesus Christ, Satan is my God, animals are our means of Sacrifice, Slayer is my God, I trust and adore every single words they said through their Musing.”

Led zeppelin: Led Zeppelin song, ‘Stairway to Heaven’ in rock history-it was included as one of the ever green songs. However in one of the line of the lyric it contains, “Yes, there are two paths you can go by, but in the long run there’s still time to change the road you’re on,” this lines if play backward, “IT’S MY SWEET SATAN… Oh I will sing because I live with Satan,” this is what it said! So this is what in rock history what they said the popular songs. In their Concert movies which they made, in their song ‘The Song remains the same’-here in this song they asked their fans to submit their soul to the prince of darkness. Moreover in their popular song ‘Houses of the Holy’ they sing, “Let the music be your master/ will you heed the master’s call/ Oh, Satan...”

Black Sabbath: We know the band Black Sabbath; however we would not be aware that they used to invite the crowd in their concert to join them in worshipping the Dark Angel. In one of their songs An ‘Iron Man’-, Ozzy sing, ‘kill and he will respond to you”. They name one of their  album, ‘We Sold Our Soul for Rock and Roll’ in this album one of their famous song include , ‘N.I.B (Nativity In Black) this  song is  called the Lucifer-a love song ;    “Some people say MY LOVE cannot be true  Please believe me, MY LOVE, and I’ll show you ,I will give you those things you thought unreal…….your love for me has just got to be real. Look into my eyes, you will see who I am MY NAME IS LUCIFER, PLEASE TAKE MY HAND!” Their group former front man, Ronnie James who died of Cancer he was called ‘Satan note” due to his wickedness and slandered, he said Black Sabbath is my religion, Black Sabbath is the evangelist of the Devil it’s a pure worshipping band.

Ac/Dc: Rock group AC/DC, the full form is Alternative Current/Direct Current also called, Anti-Christ/Devil Child In their song, ‘Highway to Hell’ they sing:  “Ain’t nothing I would rather do going’ down, party time my friends are gonna be there too...Hey Satan, paid my dues...I’m on the way to the promised land I’m on the HIGHWAY TO HELL.” Richard Ramirez of California who is also called, ‘Night Stalker’ a famous, Satanist, Richard Ramirez mentioned how he convert 14 people to accept Lucifer by using AC/DC  song called ‘Night Prowler’. Iron maiden: Iron Maiden song ‘The Number of the Beast’-in this song they invite the youth to uphold the number 666 which is regarded as the devil number; “666 the Number of the Beast 666 THE ONE FOR YOU AND ME!” This album was released in May 29, 1982, it get to the level of  UK Album Chart- No 1 and in US-at Platinum  instantly after the release. In the year 1992 MTV Awards- Red Hot Chili Peppers had received an award in their speech they said “ first of all we would like to say thank to the Satan” by saying this they started their speech. There are many other Rock band apart from which we mentioned, there are more than 1000 satanic band in the world, the band Slipknot, Cradle of Filth, Slayer, AC/DC, KISS, Marilyn Manson and many others were preaching about Satan and Dark power through their songs and had already influenced millions of youth around the world and even the corner part of north-east India including Hmar community. A famous Television Personality, Geraldo Rivera state that ‘the Satan worshipping is growing rapidly among the youth, today youth were mad with chatting of a spell”. Therefore in order to overcome this entire the parents should take initiative for to train their children. We find in the Bible (Pro.22:6).

Summary As we have seen in the prologue The Hmar are thin-Kuki-Mizo ethnic group. Before the Christianity was reach they were worshipped rocks, mountains, caves and rivers. They believed that such objects are inhabited by good and bad spirits. They fear that the evil will punish them if they do not worship them. When Christianity has came in the year 1910. Christianity has opened their eyes to the deepest quest, and that is the assurance of eternal life in heaven with God after death. But at this present when we look at their lifestyle the western culture has influences very much in everything not only that the secularism have also influences the people therefore at present we find many adolescence they are losing a ways where to go and what to do it may be a fall of their Parents. Not only that even the parents and children’s are crazy about their wealth therefore their loosed to put faith in God, Jesus counsels his followers to remove from their lives those things which cause them to sin, saying “If your hand causes you to sin, cut it off. It is better for you to enter life maimed than to go with two hands into hell, where the fire never goes out.” Mark 9:42-49. Therefore looking to the life of Hmar community in North East India most of the people are taking must important for their wealth more than God therefore the Bible has remind us in what way the Christian should give important for their wealth (Matt.6:33-34). Come back to life of adolescences worshipping Satan group entered a church after midnight on 24 July 2006 and burned the copies of the Bible and urinated on the pulpit “It appears they sacrificed an animal on the pulpit and splattered its blood on the altar and chair of the worship leader,” Said Rev B Sangthanga, the head pastor of the church in Kolasib district (Mizoram), One study has found there are as many as 95 Satan-worshipping groups in Mizoram. More than 50 cases have been reported in which the groups vandalised churches, burned the copies of the Bible or defiled cemeteries. Some of them conduct midnight gatherings at isolated cemeteries, where they are reported to dance naked, slash their wrists in ritual blood offerings and chant invocations to Satan. According to a reliable source, it is estimated that there are 500 to 700 active satanic worshippers including 180 women right here in Churachandpur town. The group is led by three key leaders among whom one is from Paite community, one is from Hmar community and one is from a Non-Tribal (Vai). One of the members is a son of a pastor who took the initiative of spreading a message through the internet that Jesus is not a historical person but only a myth. It is said that some satanic worshippers in the West came across his message and they sent him $5000 to help in his satanic evangelism. The main target of this satanic group is the young people. According to them, they cannot completely wipe off the name of Jesus Christ here in this town. But if they can win the hearts of the young people, then the name of Jesus Christ will be completely wipe off in the next generation. They are doing everything possible to achieve this goal. Dear friends, these are the kind of things that confront us right in our own society. We said that we are all Christians and we have raised many beautiful church buildings in every nook and corner of our town. We take our bibles and we crises-crossed each other’s in the streets on Sunday morning with bibles in our hands. And it is during this very moment that our enemy Satan is actively busy luring our young people with empty promises of money, sex and pleasures towards the path of destruction. Looking around the world we have seen people have not put God first in their lives. It begins with setting God’s aside and finds more interesting in others, God is no longer first in their lives, begins seeking pleasure in other way. The Devil is always active among the Christian areas, where there exists an active Christian Community the devil always wanted to lay a hand on it. Evan. Ramhnungthang of the Wesleyan Methodist Church Manipur said, when the Satanic Rock Music recorded their music  there was a priest who at the same time chanted a  Magic Spell and it was recorded with it  since the music were loud and the chanting is soft we couldn’t actually head it, so with this spell recorded with it and praying to Satan  they sold out their Album, and that’s the reason why youth were going crazy with their music ,their Music got a kind of spell and it was very attractive I even experienced it in my high school days, thus, we had to be very alert  and also let others be aware of what Satan’s plan on the Music. The most important is God and secondly Parents had to know how to take care of their Child. Parents should also consult on some education knowledge in order to help him/herself through Articles, books and biographies etc. written by an inspiring author through his/her experience this can be a very helpful tip. Therefore it is challenges for us to remember in our personal prayer in God there is nothing possible, everything is possible.

Bibliography

Anil Kumar Singh, Tribal Life in India, New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, 1994. Chapman and Clark. Mizo Miracle, Madras: The Christian Literature Society, 1968. Dena, Lal, “Traditional Institutions of Hmar” Kumpui Sul; A Souvenir in Commemoration of 	100 Years of Hmar Education, Edited by Brando H. Keivom, Shillong: Eastern 	Panorama Offset, 2010. Dena, Lal, In Search of Identity: Hmars of North-East India, New Delhi: Akansha Publishing 	House, 2008. Houghton, A.T., ‘Animism’ in the World Religion, ed, J.N.D.Anderson, Eerdmans: Grand 	Rapids, 1955. Joshi, H.G., Mizoram Past and Present, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 2005. Lalhmuklien, Rev. Dr., Gospel through darkness history and missionary work of the north east 	India general work (ECCI) 1910-2004, Manipur: Rengkai, 2009. Lianthanga, C., Hmanlai Mizo Nun, Lunglei: B.C.M. Press, 1998. Lien, Z.Z., The U-Now People –An Ethnological Survey of the people viz, Mizo, Zomi, Kuki, 	Chin and the Allied Tribes on North East India & Burma, Churachandpur: L&R Press, 	1981. Pudaite, Rochunga, The Education of the Hmar people, Sielmat: Indo-Burma Pioneer Mission, 	1963. Short, Stanley W., On Burma’s Eastern Front, London: Marshal & Scott Ltd., 1945. Singh, K. S, People of India; Mizoram,Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, 1995. Vaiphei, Th. Lamboi, Advent of Christian mission and its Impact on the Hill-Tribes in 	Manipur, Imphal: Frontier mission society, 1997 Yimchunger, T. Lakiumong, The Traditional Beliefs and Practices of Yimchunger Nagas, 	Jorhat: Barkataki & Company Ltd, 2000. Unpublished dissertation Gangte. Lalboi, Dissertation, A study of Religion Identity of the Gangte Tribe, Allahabad: gpst, 	2010. Songate, Rev. Lalrosiem, Missional Principles for the Church in North East India with special 	reference to the Evangelical Congregational Church of India (Th.M dissertation, 	Western Theological Seminary 2005

Magazine All Indian Christian Council. Satanists battle Christians in Mizoram, Monday, 24 July 2006. Mumbaimirror.Com (Quick News), Nation Mizoram adolescences worship Satan, discard God, March 25, 2007. Lois L. Keivom, Zawlbuk Thuoitu-8, Sept, Oct, Nov, 1979, Darlene Zschech, A Heart For Worship, Impact, Feb –March, 2006, p-5. Tuaisiala ,Rock Music leh Satanism ,August 9th, 2010. Pakhuongte, The Power of the Gospel Among the Hmar Tribe, p. 9. Keivom, Hmar Pi Le Pu Dan-The Hmar Customary Laws, P.52

Interview Ramhnungthang. Evangelist in Wesleyan Methodist church Manipur. Interview, 2nd Jan, 2012 at 8:15 pm.

Internet Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth 11 Sep 2014. http://pathienthu.in/satanism-in-churachandpur-is-it-real-english-version/ 14 Sep 2014. http://pathienthu.in/satanism-in-churachandpur-is-it-real-english-version/14 Sep 2014. http://www.christianity.org.uk/index.php/money.php 12 Sep 2014. http://www.hotjournal.org/tribal-theology-of-the-holy-spirit-with-particular-reference-to-the-	fear-of-evil-spirits-by-the-hmar-church/ http://www.inpui.com/2008/11/hmar-history.html http://www.inpui.com/2008/11/hmar-history.html http://www.inpui.com/2008/11/hmar-history.html Isaac L. Hmar, http://www.inpui.com/2008/12/mizo-kukis-claim-of-their-jewish-origin.html. Lalrosiem Songate, http://ecchurch.co.in/christinity%20in%20 (Accessed on 19/10/2011). Nahai, http://www.inpui.com/2008/11/hmar-history.html