User:Lalraj vt lal/sandbox

== ' ''Search Strategies'  ' ' == User’s queries are retrieved based on matching queries with the document profile or database. In earlier these tasks performed manually. The emergence of magnetic storage devices, associated software and advancement in electronic communication helps to more advanced search via online method. Any way the search strategy helps the user to search easily the file.

Steps and levels of search strategy according to Meadow and Cochrane
1. The concepts or facets to be searched and their order.

2. The terms that appropriately represent the search concept.

3. The features of the retrieval system concerned.

4. The measures to be taken in revising a search statement.

Basic Search Methods
Keywords,Author,Title, Subject,Natural Language

Types of Search
1. High recall search – User wants all relevant items on the stated topic.

2. High Precision Search – User only needs relevant items.

3. Brief Search – When the user wants only a few relevant items as opposed to all the relevant items.

Pre – Search Interview
It is the conversation that take place between a user and member of the information staff regarding the actual information requirements of the user.

Skills needed to a Pre – Search Interviewer

 * Personal Communication Skill


 * Conceptual Skill
 * Analytical Skill
 * Knowledge of file Organization
 * Understanding of Indexing Policy and Vocabulary Control.
 * Subject Knowledge

Searching Process
To control the vocabulary in a database Cleverdon Mentions the following processes.

1. Decide the words that might be used by the authors of the relevant documents.

2. Decide which particular database is to be searched.

3. Use the thesaurus of the chosen database in order to translate the query terms in the appropriate way.

4. Guess which of the chosen terms might have been used by the database indexer.

5. Coordinate the terms to formulate the search statement.

6. Input the search statement.

7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 until a desirable output is obtained or the search fails altogether.

8. Identify the actual relevant items from among those retrieved.

User Centered or Cognitive model
•User’s Information need can be formulated as a query.Human – Computer interaction can be use for search process.Social and cognitive environments in which the process take place.The use of information  by the users  to meet their specific information nee.

1. Ingwersen’s model
Ingwesen divide this model into two periods.


 * The period between 1977 and 1991 – Intermediary – Oriented.
 * 1992 onward – Interactive information retrieval.

Issues of information retrieval according to Ingwersen
All interactive communication  processes during an information retrieval processes can be regarded as process of cognition, which may occur in all information processing components involves.The presuppositions and conventionality underlining messages are vital for perception and understanding.Uncertainty and unpredictability are inherent  in information retrieval.Real information retrieval is possible only by an individual user in context.

Charecteristics of information search and retrieval
•Work and interest of user.

•Current  cognitive state of the user.

•Problem, goal or uncertainty.

•Information need and information behavior.

2. ASK model (Anomalous States of Knowledge)
Proposed by Belkin and his associates.Information seeking process begins with a problem information needed to resolve the problem is not clearly understood.The information seekers needed to go through an iterative process to articulate a search request.It is a Interactive search process.The idea behind this model is that people commonly engage in multiple searching behavior across a set of information retrieval sessions.


 * ‘Scanning to searching’
 * ‘Goal of Interaction’
 * Mode of retrieval


 * Resource Considered

System centered model
•Boolean Searching

•Truncation

•Proximity Searching

•Range Searching etc

1. Boolean Searching
Boolean searching is built on a method of symbolic logic developed by George Boole (1815 – 1864), a 19th century English mathematician.It is based on combinations of keywords with connecting terms called operators which are AND, OR, and NOT.John Venn later expressed Boolean logic relationships through Venn diagrams.

•AND – Coincidence of two or more concepts.

e.g Libraries and society

•OR – Either…. Or….

e.g  google or yahoo

•NOT – This not that.

e.g google not yahoo

Limitations of Boolean Searching
Problems in formulation of search statements.Either the search statement become too narrow or too broad.Number of retrieved items not predictable.The retrieved items cannot be ranked in decreasing order of relevance.

2. Truncation
Truncation is a searching technique used in databases in which a word ending is replaced by a symbol.Frequently used truncation symbols include the asterisk (*), a question mark (?) or a dollar sign ($).Truncation enables different forms of a word to searched for simultaneously, and will increase the number of search results found.If the truncation symbol is *, then the truncated word,  laugh*, will search for results containing laugh, laughter, laughing etc. hum* will search for results containing humor, but it will also retrieve unrelated terms like human, humbug, humerus, hummus etc.

3. Proximity Searching
Allows user to specify whether two terms should occur adjacent to each other.

•NEAR

•FBY (Followed BY)

Common feature of most information retrieval systems, including online and CD – ROM database and web search engines.

•Enter your first search term.

•Enter a proximity operator.

•Enter a full stop followed by the required number of words you want to allow between search terms.

4. Range searching
Numerical information.

•Greater than(>)

•Less than(<)

•Equal to(=)

•Not equal to(/=)

== Google search strategy == •AND is not necessary. It's implied.

•OR tells Google to search for either one of several words, for example.

•" " (double quotes) around a set of words tells Google to consider the exact words in that exact order.

•site: allows you to search within a site. For example: [ iraq site:nytimes.com ] or [ iraq site:.gov ].

•- allows you to exclude certain terms.

•+ ensures that a word is in your search, and that synonyms are not automatically searched.

•* acts as a placeholder for unknown terms.

•AROUND is another proximity searching feature. Enter the number of words you want Google to search around your search term.

•~ operator tells Google to search for synonyms of the word immediately following it. It can also be used to search for the term with alternate endings.

Another option for synonyms is using Google's related searches tool

•file type: Adding a file type limiter can be a way to return higher quality information more quickly.