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Permanent Gases vs. Variable Gases
1 - Water vapor (H2O): a greenhouse gas Water vapor is the most important gas and is necessary for weather (clouds, precipitation) and latent heat exchange

Varies from 0-4%

Generally largest % near the equator and smallest % near the poles. This is being very general. There are, of course, exceptions.


 * Example to think about: What is the variation in water vapor content here in Phoenix between May and August? What about the difference in water vapor content in May between Phoenix and Miami, Florida? These examples demonstrate the variability in water vapor content over time and space.

2 - Carbon dioxide (CO2): a greenhouse gas

Strongly absorbs infrared radiation emitted by Earth.

3 - Ozone (O3): Occurs in two locations

Surface: ingredient in photochemical smog, a pollutant

Stratosphere (upper air): found between 20-50 kilometers. Beneficial since it absorbs ultraviolet radiation

4- Others: Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur oxides (SOx), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Volatile organic compounds, etc. (the 'x' in sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide represent a number such as a 1 or 2, e.g., SO2 = sulfur dioxide)

zulu times to Chicago
http://theweatherwiz.com/school/5-INTRODUCTORY%20ACTIVITIES.htm http://www.flyafa.com/files/ZULUTOLOCALTIMECONVERTER.pdf

Atmosphere major components
Atmosphere: envelope of gases and aerosols surrounding the Earth and held by its gravitational field. Air is a mixture of gases. Major components: Nitrogen: 78% Oxygen: 21% Argon: 0.93% Very small amounts of Carbon Dioxide

Layers of atmosphere
Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere