User:Laureny13/sandbox

Original - "Bacterial gliding"

Bacterial gliding is a process whereby a bacterium can move under its own power. This process does not involve the use of flagella, which is a more common means of motility in bacteria. For many bacteria, the mechanism of gliding is unknown or only partially known, and it seems likely that in fact different bacteria use distinct mechanisms to achieve what is currently referred to as gliding. Gliding is prominent in cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, cytophaga, and flavobacteria.

One mechanism involves using type IV pili in such bacteria as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Myxococcus xanthus. In addition, for Myxococcus xanthus A-motility (one of the two motility mechanisms this bacterium has) two other mechanisms have been proposed, one involving ejection of a polysaccharide slime from nozzles at either end of the body and the other using "focal adhesion complexes" distributed along the cell body.
 * 1) McBride, M. . (2001). "Bacterial gliding motility: multiple mechanisms for cell movement over surfaces". Annual Review of Microbiology. 55: 49–75. PMID 11544349. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.49.
 * 2) Merali, Zeeya (3 April 2006), "Bacteria use slime jets to get around", New Scientist, retrieved 17 January 2010.
 * 3) Mignot, T.; Shaevitz, J.; Hartzell, P.; Zusman, D. (2007). "Evidence that focal adhesion complexes power bacterial gliding motility". Science. 315 (5813): 853–856. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..853M. PMID 17289998. doi:10.1126/science.1137223.
 * 4) Sibley, LDI (Oct 2010). "How apicomplexan parasites move in and out of cells". Curr Opin Biotechnol. 21 (5): 592–8. PMC 2947570 . PMID 20580218. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.05.009.

Edits - "Bacterial gliding"

Bacterial gliding is a process of motility whereby a bacterium can move under its own power. This process does not involve the use of flagella, pili, or fimbriae, all of which are more well-understood apparatuses used in bacterial motility. The exact mechanisms of gliding are currently unknown or only partially known. Generally, the process occurs whereby the cell, or organism, moves along a surface in the general direction of its long axis. Gliding may occur via distinctly different mechanisms, depending on the type of bacterium. This type of movement has been observed in phylogenetically diverse bacteria such as cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, cytophaga, flavobacteria, and mycoplasmas, and may play an important role in biofilm formation, bacterial virulence, and chemosensing.

Bacteria, as well as parasites, have the agility and means to evolve their motile operations in order to become accustomed to varying climates, water content, presence of other organisms, and firmness of surfaces or media. Gliding has been observed in a wide variety of phyla, and though the mechanisms may vary between bacteria, it is currently understood that it takes place in environments with common characteristics, such as firmness and low-water, which enables the bacterium to still have motility in its surroundings. Such environments with low-water content include - but are not limited to - biofilms, soil or soil crumbs, and microbial mats.

Gliding is distinct from other forms of motility occurring in semi-solid, moist, or aqueous environment; they do not appear to use mobile appendages such as pili or flagella attached to their cell body or cell surface. Such methods of motility with such appendages include swarming on softer semi-solid and solid surfaces (which usually involves movement of a bacterial population in a coordinated fashion via quorum sensing, using flagella to propel them), or twitching motility on solid surfaces (which involves extension and retraction of Type IV pili to drag the bacterium forward).

Gliding, as a form of motility, appears to allow for interactions between bacteria, pathogenesis, and increased social behaviours. Although the exact mechanism is debated upon in various studies, an example of this is observed in Myxococcus xanthus , a social bacterium which may employ A-motility as a proposed type of gliding motility, involving transient adhesion complexes fixed to the substrate while the organism moves forward. Other recent gliding mechanisms have proposed ejection or secretion of a polysaccharide slime from nozzles at either end of the cell body. Another suggests the presence of energized nano-machinery or large macromolecular assemblies located on the bacterium's cell body, while yet another utilize "focal adhesion complexes" and "treadmilling" of surface adhesins distributed along the cell body. --Laureny13 (talk) 22:55, 7 October 2017 (UTC)