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Examples of high risk occupations
Workers in many occupations are at high risk for exposure to heat stress. Especially vulnerable are outdoor workers who have highly physical tasks to complete, such as firefighters, miners, military personnel, construction workers, landscapers, athletes, delivery persons, and agricultural workers. Additionally, many indoor jobs also require high-exertion work in very hot conditions, for example factory workers, boiler room workers, welders, and kitchen staff. In unusually hot conditions, all workers should be aware of their risk for heat illness and should ensure they drink plenty of water and take breaks in cool places to avoid any severe impacts.

Symptoms
When someone is exposed to hot conditions, they will begin to sweat and have an increased heart rate. If they do not drink enough water to replenish the fluid they are sweating out, a worker can become dehydrated. This is why drinking extra water while working in hot environments is critical. If workers continually exert themselves in hot environments, they may develop muscle cramps from sweating too much, which can be helped by taking a break and drinking extra water and electrolytes. Additionally, workers can develop heat rash, which should be treated in a cool place and soothed with powder. For more severe heat illnesses, it is important for workers to be able to identify the differences between heat exhaustion and heat stroke in order to protect themselves and their colleagues.

=== Heat Exhaustion === When a person is experiencing heat exhaustion, they will be actively and heavily sweating, though their skin may feel cool and appear pale. If you take their temperature, it could be normal or slightly high, and their pulse will be fast, but it may be difficult to detect or feel through the skin. Additionally, the person may exhibit a number of different symptoms such as headaches, muscle cramps, and fatigue, as well as nausea, vomiting, and in extreme cases, fainting.

If a worker is exhibiting these symptoms, it is important that they take a break from work to sit in a cool place, use cool, damp towels on their head and neck to further cooling, and sip water slowly as they recover. If a worker does not recover within an hour or continues to vomit, it is important to seek medical attention for them quickly.

Heat Stroke
If a worker begins to feel the signs of heat stroke from over exertion in a high temperature environment, they will normally have a very high temperature, which can be measured with a thermometer. Their skin could be hot to the touch and damp with sweat, though they will not be actively sweating. If you take their pulse, it will be fast and easy to detect. Outwardly, the worker could show signs of dizziness and confusion, and they may have digestive discomfort and nausea. In severe cases, workers can pass out.

If a worker is displaying these symptoms, it is important to call 911 to get them immediate medical attention. Additionally, helping the person move to a cooler place and covering their head and neck in cool, damp cloths can help while you wait for emergency services to arrive. It is important to wait for a medical professional to see them before asking them to drink a lot of water.

Risk Factors
Heat-related illnesses from occupational heat stress is impacted by multiple factors. Workers exposed to high temperatures, humidity, and limited air movement, especially outside workers, are vulnerable to heat illness. Physiologic factors can also impact a worker's vulnerability, specifically if their job requires physical exertion, which produces metabolic heat. Workers can also be more vulnerable to heat illness if they are dehydrated from sweating and not drinking enough water or have a low level of physical fitness. Certain medications can also make it more difficult for someone to adapt to high temperatures, such as some common antibiotics, as well as some diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychiatric medications. Workers who have cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illnesses, diabetes, hypertension, or obesity, or who are currently pregnant are also at higher risk for heat illness. Additionally, wearing heavy or thick personal protective equipment and clothing can prevent workers from sweating properly, which prevents the body from effectively cooling. Workers can also adjust to working in high temperatures so their bodies can become better at cooling over time, though this adjustment requires a multi-week acclimatization process.

Acclimatization
According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), acclimatization is a biological process that an individual will go through to adjust to a stimulus following continued exposure. Physiologically, acclimatization to heat will allow a worker’s body to more efficiently cool itself when exposed to high temperatures. When a worker has adjusted to working in a hotter environment, they will have a lower heart rate, earlier onset of sweating, and increased blood flow to blood vessel s near the skin, allowing their body to more efficiently cool itself than a worker who is not acclimatized. See below section on acclimatization schedules for specific processes.

Measurements
NIOSH has set Recommended Alert Limits (RALs) and Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs) for employers and employees to use in determining, monitoring, and responding to their risk of heat exposure and related impacts. While different ranges of temperatures are used to determine what types of protective action should be implemented, there is no universal safe limit applied across all occupational settings. This is because safety will depend on factors specific to the environments and tasks of a specific job, as well as the workers’ physical health and fitness.

There are many different ways to measure temperature. Typically, a thermometer can be used to measure environmental temperature. However, high humidity, or the amount of water that has evaporated into the air in the form of water vapor, can often make the temperature outside feel hotter than the measured temperature. To address this, a heat index measure includes the air’s relative humidity, or a measure of how much moisture is in the air compared to if the air were saturated with water vapor. This measure of humidity along with temperature provides more information on what workers should expect to feel in terms of heat if working outside.

Additionally, some sources also report wet-bulb temperature, which is considered an informative measure for individuals who will be working in direct sunlight. This measure takes into account both temperature and humidity, but also includes measures of wind speed, cloud cover, and angle of the sun at different times of the day.

OSHA uses a measure called the Adjusted Air Temperature to determine how often workers should be monitored, which involves the equation:

Where T is temperature measured in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and percent sunshine is measured on a spectrum from 100% (no clouds, noticeable shadows) to 0% (total cloud cover, no shadows).

Monitoring
OSHA recommends monitoring worker's heart rate, temperature, and body water loss throughout shifts in hot conditions. When the adjusted temperature is 90°F or above, it is recommended that even healthy, acclimatized workers have these measures monitored every 45 minutes. Workers who are not acclimatized or who are wearing impermeable equipment or clothing should be monitored every 15 minutes.

NIOSH and OSHA have also created a Heat Index App for mobile devices that provides information on temperature, humidity, risk of heat illness, as well as hourly forecasts of temperature and information on how to prevent and treat heat illnesses.

Engineering Controls
Employers can provide air conditioners for indoor work spaces and for indoor break areas. Fans can also be used together with air conditioners, and misting fans can be used outside for added cooling. Additionally, increasing building ventilation and improving the insulation of hot surfaces will reduce indoor temperatures. If all work is completed outdoors, a shaded area should be provided with ample water for workers to take breaks often.

Work Practices
Ample breaks with space provided in shaded or cooled areas are important for preventing heat stress related illnesses. Employers should also supply water for workers throughout the day, as workers need to drink more water when working in hot environments than they would otherwise. Additionally, on particularly hot days, limiting high-exertion tasks as much as possible is important for keeping a worker’s metabolic temperature down.

Training
All employees should be trained to recognize the symptoms of heat stress. Supervisors should monitor their employees throughout the day for these symptoms and, for larger teams, a buddy system can be used to group workers to monitor each other for signs of heat illness. Additionally, informing workers about their working conditions and risk of heat illness is important, specifically in making sure that everyone understands what the heat index means and what extra precautions to take during higher risk periods.

Acclimatization Schedules
Acclimatization can occur over different time periods for different people, but NIOSH recommends allowing workers to be exposed to gradually higher levels of heat over 7-14 days for acclimatization. New workers without recent exposure to heat may require additional time to adjust. On the first day of an acclimatization process, workers without previous heat exposure should be asked to complete, at most, 20% of their typical workday. After this, their workload can increase by 20% for each day of the process. For workers with previous exposure working in high temperature settings, acclimatization can occur as fast as four days, starting with workers completing 50% of their typical work duration on the first day. NIOSH strongly suggests that workers who are currently adjusting to new conditions should be supervised closely for signs of heat stress, especially those who may adjust slower due to age, pre-existing health conditions, or lower levels of physical fitness. A worker’s level of acclimatization must also be maintained, and if workers are absent from the working conditions for more than a week, they will need to begin the acclimatization process again.