User:Lee3629/Air conditioning/Bibliography

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After World War II, air conditioning systems’ affordability led to widespread adoption, improving living conditions and boosting productivity in industries and urban areas.

During the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Ding Huan, a Chinese inventor, developed a manual fan machine that was recorded to cool an entire hallway.

marketimpact:. According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China). A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020. The increased demand for mechanical/electric space cooling creates an expectation for electronic air conditioning. And as the planet continues to have temperatures rise due to climate change, demand for electricity grows even more. In the same report, the IEA projected that by 2025, the international demand for electricity generation will soon grow to 395%.

health: The IEA reported in 2018 that only 8% of the 2.8 billion people residing in the world’s hottest regions have access to air conditioning. Due to these growing temperatures, premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk. In fact, a study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations. The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least an air-conditioned room at 25°C (77°F) per floor during heatwaves. Hot weather can also lead to various other health issues, like fluid and electrolyte disorders, renal failure, and heatstroke. An Australian study found that those with conditions like multiple sclerosis, a condition that heightens heat sensitivity, used the AC 15 times more frequently than the general population.

economic + politics: The politics of AC is closely tied to its environmental impact. There are worries about its greenhouse gas emissions due to its high energy consumption and ozone depletion from using hydrofluorocarbons. It is projected that by 2050, with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons. There have already been moves in place to regulate the energy consumption for air conditioning units following warnings from the United Nations, World Bank, and the International Energy Agency. For example, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years. The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.

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lots of good info at IEA report. - great for stats use history sites to help add in details about historical contributors.

Can use reports about heat stroke and injury to add to health section.

IEA report has lots of facts on environmental and market impact