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= Nyeshangte =

Nyeshangte, also called Nyishang, Manange, and Manang Ke is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Gurung people of Nyeshang municipality in Manang district of Nepal (ISO 639-3: nmm; GlottoCode: mana1288).

Language name
Nyeshangte speakers use various terms for their language. Often used are Nyeshang, Nyeshante, and Nyangmi, all of which carry the meaning ‘our language’. Also used are Manange and Manang Ke, meaning something like 'the language of Manang' or 'the language of the people below.' According to a recent sociolinguistic study, there is no consensus among speakers about what to call their mother tongue, with 39% preferring Nyshangte, 39% preferring Manange, and 22% using Gurung. During the study, speakers noted that Nyeshang is an exonym used by Tibetans to refer to the Nyeshangte language. It should be noted that all of the residents of Manang district, including those who speak Gurung (ISO 639-3: gvr), Gyalsumdo (ISO 639-3: gyo) and Nar Phu (ISO 639-3: npa), are referred to as Manangis, Manangpas, Manangbas, or Manangbhots (pejorative). Thus the term Manange has a broader meaning than Nyeshangte.

Language Classification
The Bodish branch of Western Tibeto-Burman is often broken down into West, Central, and East Bodish. Neshangte is classified as Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Tamangic (Gurung-Tamang), Gurungic. The Nyeshangte-speaking community has considerable contact with several other Tibeto-Burman language groups within the Manang district: Nar-phu (ISO 639-3: npa), Gurung-Manange (ISO 639-3: gvr), and Gyalsumdo (ISO 639-3: gyo). Nar-phu and Gurung are West Bodish languages of the same branch as Neshangte, while Gyalsumdo is a Central Bodish language, Central Tibetan, either in the gTsang branch or in the Kyirong-Kagate branch. Nyeshangte is one of several closely related languages that make up the TGTM (Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, Manange) group which also includes Nar Phu and Seke.

Speakers
Nyeshangte speaker population is difficult to determine as speakers identify with the other dominant ethnic group in the district, the Gurungs. The 2011 census of Nepal recorded 392 people who registered their first language as 'Manange.' However, the estimated population of speakers (as given by speakers themselves) is roughly 2,000 to 3,000, while the total ethnic population is estimated to be around 4,000 to 6,000. A closer study of the census reveals that about 3,000 people in the language area (Nyeshang municipality) registered their language as 'Gurung.' This figure coincides with the population estimates of informants of the community. Diaspora communities of Nyeshangte exist in Kathmandu and New York City.

Language vitality
A sociolinguistic study conducted in 2015 found that Nyeshangte was regularly used in domains of daily life within the native territory Manang. The study also discovered that many of the children are not retaining the use of Nyeshangte, especially if they are sent out of the district for education. The Ethnologue categorizes Nyeshangte as EGIDS level 6b 'threatened,' meaning that the language is used in domains of daily life, but speaker population is in decline. The Endangered Languages Project also classifies Nyeshangte as 'Threatened.'

Resources

 * Grammar and Dictionary: Kristine A. Hildebrandt (2004). "A Grammar and Dictionary of the Manange Language" in Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manange and Sherpa, edited by Carol Genetti. 2–189. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
 * Language Archive: Manang Language Project of Kristine A. Hildebrandt
 * Phonology: Hildebrandt, Kristine. 2005. "A Phonetic Analysis of Manange Segmental and Suprasegmental Properties". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area.
 * Sociolinguistic Study: Hildebrandt, K.A., D.N. Dhakal, O. Bond, M. Vallejo and A. Fyffe. 2015. A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Manang, Nepal: Co-existence and endangerment. NDFIN Journal 14.6: 104-122.
 * Sociolinguistic Data Archive: Manang Language Archive at the University of Virginia Tibetan and Himalayan Library

Immportant links

 * YouTube Documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyLm3Emx1K4
 * YouTube Videos:
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXPBq6bWYbQ
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOktqT9V_XM
 * https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC766tS74sc_QH8zgSOmhYkQ/videos
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ew1WABbnyK0
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vf34K4CIZZ8