User:Lemkec2/sandbox

= Second Draft of my Sections: =

Natural Liposome Nanosponge
Completely natural nanosponges were made from liposomes and coated with leukocytes. Since they are coated with leukocytes, the nanosponges go wherever the infection of foreign matter is. The nanosponges avoid macrophage attack because they are created with natural materials. Researchers have only tested these in lab animals but suggest the liposome nanosponge could be easier to get approved by the FDA for in-patient use. Researchers have found promising results in using these natural nanosponges in both drug delivery, relieving inflammation, and repairing damaged tissue.

Medical Applications
i. Drug delivery:

Nanosponges are being researched to be used for drug delivery systems to treat cancer and infectious diseases. Although nanosponges are one three-thousandth the size of red blood cells they each can carry thousands of drug molecules. They can hide in the immune system where immune cells try to destroy and remove foreign material from the body. Particles coated with membranes from circulating red blood cells cannot be detected. Additionally, particles coated with membranes from circulating white blood cells or leukocytes avoid attack from macrophages.

'''ii. Fight Antibiotic Resistance'''

Membrane-coated nanosponges could be used to fight antibiotic resistance because they trap and remove toxins from blood. Toxins that attack red blood cells will cling to nanosponges because the sponges are coated with living cells. The sponges absorb the toxins, so they can no longer harm the cells, and the toxins are taken to the liver and broken down.

'''iii. Detoxification'''

A study was conducted to study nanosponges ability to absorb pore-forming toxin. Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are the most common protein toxins found in nature. They disrupt cells by forming pores in cellular membranes which alter the permeability of the cells. Examples of this include bacterial infections and venom. The idea behind this study, was that by limiting PFTs the severity of bacterial infections may be able to be reduced. The study was conducted using a nanosponge (polymeric core) wrapped in a natural red blood cell membrane bilayer. The polymeric core stabilizes the membrane shell and the membrane bilayer allows the nanosponge to absorb a wide range of PFTs. Testing was done to determine the ability of the nanosponges to neutralize PFTs. Researchers found that the nanosponge absorbed membrane-damaging toxins and diverted them away from their cellular targets. In mice, the nanosponges significantly reduced the toxicity of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin and improved the survival rate. The conclusion of this study was that nanoparticles have the potential to be able to treat a variety of diseases and injuries caused by pore-forming toxins.

Current Research
Current research is being conducted for use of nanosponges in treating bacterial infections (sepsis, pneumonia, and skin and soft tissue infections), viral infections (zika, HIV, and influenza), autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura), and venoms (snakes and other animals).

Limitations of Research
One of the limitations with developing nanoparticles is that they are hard to develop. The use of both natural and synthetic components increases the complexity of development. Another limitation is that it is hard to conduct human studies. As of 2019 no human patient studies had been conducted. Part of this is due to the disease’s nanoparticles are developed for. For example, Dr. Zhang of the Univeristy of California, San Diego suggests that for rheumatoid arthritis this could elicit an immune response, therefore, not fighting the disease but driving it. If neutrophil membranes are used to coat nanoparticles, they contain autoantigens which causes an immune response.

Summary of Nanosponges sop up toxins and help repair tissues (Esther Landhuis)

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/nanosponges-toxins-blood-cell-membrane-drug-delivery

-good figures that could be used for visualization of how nanosponges work and RBC coating


 * Nanoparticle (synthetic and natural)  one-thousandth the width of a human hair
 * Made from carbon-containing polymers
 * Can slip through blood vessels without triggering an immune reaction (can be used to deliver life-saving drugs because they do not elicit an immune response)
 * Application: drug delivery system
 * Application: could be used to fight antibiotic resistances - Membrane-coated nanosponges
 * trap and remove toxins from the blood
 * Toxins that attack red blood cells, will cling to nanoparticles (because they are coated with living cells)
 * The sponges then absorb the toxins
 * Toxins can no longer harm cells and are taken to the liver and broken down
 * Application: Drug Delivery System (cancer, infectious diseases)
 * One three-thousandth the size of red blood cells, yet each can carry thousands of drug molecules.
 * Hide in the immune system (immune cells try to destroy and remove foreign material from the body)

Membrane coated particles → coated with membranes from circulating red blood cells → immune system can not detec


 * Membrane coated particles → coated with membranes from circulating white blood cells or leukocytes → avoided the attack from macrophages
 * Current Research for Nanosponges is being conducted in:
 * Bacterial infections
 * Sepsis
 * Pneumonia
 * Skin and soft tissue infections
 * Viral infections
 * HIV
 * Zika
 * Influenza
 * Autoimmune diseases
 * Rheumatoid arthritis
 * Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
 * Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
 * Venoms
 * Snakes and other animals


 * Limitations:
 * Challenging to develop the simplest nanoparticles
 * Human and synthetic components increase the complexity of development
 * No human patient studies have been conducted as of 2019
 * For rheumatoid arthritis eliciting an immune response would drive rather than fight disease
 * If neutrophil membranes are used to coat nanoparticles they contain autoantigens which cause an immune response

Summary of A biomimetic nanosponge that absorbs pore-forming toxins (Che-Ming Hu, Ronnie Fang, Jonathan Copp, Brian Luk, and Liangfang Zhang)

https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2013.54

-good figures that can be shown of coated nanosponges and how they work


 * Pore-forming toxins → most common protein toxins found in nature
 * Disrupt cells by forming pores in cellular membranes which alter their permeability
 * Bacterial infections and venom
 * Limiting PFTs can reduce the severity of bacterial infections
 * Study conducted with a nanosponge (polymeric core) wrapped in natural red blood cell bilayer membranes
 * Mimicry to absorb a wide range of PFTs, polymeric core stabilizes membrane shell
 * Testing was done to test the ability of the nanosponges to neutralize PFTs
 * Nanosponge absorbed membrane-damaging toxins and diverted them away from their cellular targets
 * In mice, the nanosponges significantly reduced the toxicity of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin and improved the survival rate
 * Application: detoxification treatment
 * Potentially able to treat a variety of diseases and injuries caused by pore-forming toxins