User:Levarage16/sandbox

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Properties of 1,2-Diamino-5-bromo-3-chlorobenzene

 * Molecular formula: C6H6BrClN2
 * Molar mass: 221.48 g/mol
 * Melting point (m.p.): 57-60 oC
 * Boiling point (b.p.): N/A
 * Storage temperature: 2-8 oC
 * Solubility in water: N/A

1,2-Diamino-5-bromo-3-chlorobenzene

Chlorobenzene

1,2-Diamino-5-bromo-3-chlorobenzene

First 250 Words Assignment Topic
I have chosen to write my first 250 words on "Urease" topic where I will discuss more on where urease is found in (mammal and humans) and also, what type of tissue and/or cells are included in the urea processing.

Urease
Urease is also found in mammals and humans which is considered to be very harmful to the mammals due to production of the toxic ammonia product in the mammalian cells. However, mammalian cells does not produce urease in fact, the source is the various bacterias in the body, specifically the intestine. European hare (Lepus europaeus),a class of Mammalia, was discovered to have high urease activity in their large intestine, a part of gastrointestinal tract. Previously, other mammals i.e. rats, pigs and rabbits, with postgastric fermentation were detected with lower urease activity compared to European Hare. In human kidneys, urea is present in order for everyday functions and is estimated that per day, a healthy adult excretes about 10 to 30 g of urea. Other than urea being found in urine, it is also present in sweat, blood serum and stomach. Inside the liver cell (which is found to be in mitochondria), excess ammonia is converted to urea through the urea cycle and if some excess ammonia is still present in the mitochondria, then it gets used up for protein synthesis. There are specific tissues involved during urea processing which are epithelial, extrahepatic and muscle tissues. With the production of ammonia and amino acids, the cell proteins are broken down by proteolytic enzymes already present in the muscle tissue. Similarly, identical cell proteins are predicted to convert previously broken down ammonia into urea. Once the urea is formed in the liver, it is excreted through urine after passing from bloodstream and the kidneys.

Second 25o words and 400 words contributions
I have chosen "Urease" and "Nitrite Reductase" topics for my 250 & 400 words contributions.


 * Describe and draw the Urease mechanism
 * Needs a reaction equation for nitrite reductase
 * Describe and draw the mechanism of nitrite reductase

Urease Mechanism
The mechanism starts off with the active site of Bacillus Pasteurii urease. The first step of both cycle A and B involves the substitution of the more accessible water molecule with urea. Second step in cycle A involves the removal of the other water molecule. Followed by the attack on the organic carbonyl by the oxygen’s lone pair of the hydroxyl group. This result in the removal of a hydrogen ion, which will then be pick up by the amide (NH2). Oxygen then uses its lone pair to form a double bond in the complex and cleaves the ammonia group (NH3). Lastly, three water molecules rebuild the original state of the urease enzyme. Second step in cycle B involves the removal of a hydrogen ion from the other water molecule, making it a hydroxyl group. Then cycle B follows a similar mechanism to that seen in cycle A with the exception of the abstraction of hydrogen by the amide (NH2) group. At last, two water molecules restore the initial state of the urease enzyme.

Nitrite Reductase
Copper containing nitrite reductase (NiR) catalyzes in reduction of one electron of nitrite to nitric oxide :

NO2- + 2H+ + e- $$\leftrightarrows$$ NO + H2O

Latest schematic proposed mechanism: In cycle A, electron transfer from the copper (Cu) site takes place in the reaction which is followed by the proton transfer from the aspartate (Asp) catalytic residue. Then, nitrogen oxide (NO) from the compound leaves the reaction. From Histidine catalytic residue, second proton transfer step occurs in order to form the resting nature. As for cycle B, formation of nitrous acid (HONO) takes place by proton transfer from the aspartate (Asp) to nitrite. Second, the electron transfer step from copper (Cu) site is introduced. At last, second proton enters in the reaction to form the resting state.