User:Lilaclouise/Leiomyoma

A leiomyoma, also known as fibroids, is a benign smooth muscle tumor that very rarely becomes cancer (0.1%). They can occur in any organ, but the most common forms occur in the uterus, small bowel, and the esophagus. Polycythemia may occur due to increased erythropoietin production as part of a paraneoplastic syndrome.

The word is from leio- + myo- + -oma, "smooth-muscle tumor". The plural form can be either the English leiomyomas or the classical leiomyomata.

Uterus
Uterine fibroids are leiomyomata of the uterine smooth muscle. Uterine leiomyoma are the most common benign pelvic tumor found with women. Uterine fibroids can be connected to medical disorders such as excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), which often causes anemia, infertility, preterm labor, painful menstrual cycles, and heavy pressure in the pelvic area. Uterine leiomyoma consists of collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycan with a thin pseudo capsule surrounding it. Leiomyomata often times cause malformations of the pelvic area or uterine cavity due to the enlargement or growth of the leiomyomata. Numerous factors such as race, pathophysiology, size, location and clinical symptomatology that are associate with uterine fibroids all contribute to the placement and development of the disease as well as the diagnosis. As a majority of uterine fibroids are benign, that does not nullify that there are facets of this disease that are malignant.

A rare form of these tumors is uterine lipoleiomyoma—benign tumors consisting of a mixture of adipocytes and smooth muscle cells. Uterine lipoleiomyomata have been observed together with ovarian and other pathologies and some of them may develop into liposarcoma. These tumors are monoclonal, and non-random chromosomal abnormalities have been seen in 40% of the tumors.

Gallbladder
Mesenchymal neoplasms of the gallbladder are rare and in particular leiomyomas of the gallbladder have been rarely reported, all of them in patients with immune system disorders. Although, recently, a case was reported in absence of associated immunodeficiency at Monash Hospital in Melbourne Australia in a healthy 39-year-old woman with no symptoms.

Skin
Leiomyomas of the skin are generally (1) acquired, and (2) divided into several categories:


 * Solitary cutaneous leiomyoma
 * Multiple cutaneous (or pilar) leiomyomas arising from the arrectores pilorum muscles
 * Angioleiomyomas (Vascular leiomyomas) that are thought to arise from vascular smooth muscle
 * Dartoic (or genital) leiomyomas originating in the dartos muscles of the genitalia, areola, and nipple
 * Angiolipoleiomyoma

Esophagus, stomach and small intestines
Leiomyoma is the most common benign mesenchymal tumor of esophagus and second most common benign tumor of the small bowel (with gastrointestinal stromal tumor as most common). Although leiomyoma is the most common benign esophageal tumor, malignant carcinoma is still 50 times more likely. Approximately 50% of cases are found in the jejunum, followed by the ileum in 31% of cases. Almost one half of all lesions are less than 5 centimeters.

Other locations, metastatic leiomyoma

 * Metastatic leiomyoma are an extremely rare complication after surgery to remove the uterus for uterine fibroids. The most frequent sites of occurrence are the lungs and pelvis. The lesions are hormonally responsive.
 * Fibromyoma of the breast is an extremely rare benign breast neoplasm. Most reports in literature mention a history of hysterectomy for uterine fibroids, although the question of whether these fibromyomas are possibly metastases of the uterine fibroids has not been investigated. An alternative hypothesis is an origin from the smooth muscle of the nipple.
 * Leiomyoma may spontaneously occur in any muscle. Depending on the location of the tumor, identification may not be timely until overall mass becomes undeniably noticeable. The symptoms for a 30 year old male with a 10 cm leiomyoma included "dead leg" pains. Tumor was intertwined with quadricep muscles, making identification and excision difficult. Tumor was successfully excised with only minor rehabilitation required.

Familial leiomyoma

 * Associated with papillary variant of renal cell carcinoma and multiple cutaneous leiomyoma. Defect is in the fumarate hydratase gene in the long arm of chromosome 1.