User:Liliput000/IDST109StudentWork

THIS PAGE CONTAINS WORK DRAFTED BY STUDENTS IN PROF DAY and DANYLEVICH'S IDST 109 FALL 2020 COURSE and is awaiting migration

= Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons*** ADDED *** = The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted prisons globally. There have been outbreaks of COVID-19 reported in prisons and jails around the world, with the housing density and population turnover of many prisons contributing to an increased risk of contracting the virus compared to the general population. Prison crowding and lack of sanitation measures contribute to the risk of contracting diseases in prisons and jails. As a mitigation measure, several jurisdictions have released prisoners to reduce density and attempt to reduce the spread of the illness. There have also been protests among prisoners and prison breaks in multiple countries in response to prisoner anger over their risk of contracting illness in prison conditions.

Lead additions:
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, health services within prisons had issues providing adequate care for incarcerated people, and this has only been exacerbated by the impacts of COVID-19. Minority groups within the prison system have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 has also spread at an elevated rate within immigration detention facilities in the United States. [add in US sub lead]

United States: Group work in User:AdriGu02/sandbox (Adriana, Courtney, Brianne)
[existing content:]

As of July 3, the five worst outbreaks of COVID-19 in the U.S. have occurred in jails and prisons. The hardest hit institution is Marion Correctional Institution in Marion Ohio with 2,439 cases. The others include Pickaway Correctional Institution in Scioto Township, Ohio (1,791 cases), San Quentin State Prison in San Quentin, California (1,483 cases), Harris County jail in Houston, Texas (1,390 cases), and Trousdale Turner Correctional Center in Hartsville, Tennessee (1,379 cases). Forty outbreaks in the U.S. involve clusters of 500 or more people. Of those, thirty-one occurred at correctional facilities. Eight of the remaining outbreaks occurred at meat packing and processing plants, while one occurred aboard the U.S.S. Theodore Roosevelt.

On any given day, 2.3 million people are incarcerated in 6,000 facilities in the United States, presenting officials with the difficult task of preventing coronavirus outbreaks among prisoners and staff. Prisoners often sleep close together. Many prisons have poor sanitation, and alcohol-based hand sanitizer is often prohibited for inmates.

The vast majority of these prisoners are in state or local custody. State governors usually have the power to choose to release prisoners, but generally they do not do so, a trend that has not changed even given the COVID-19 crisis. For example, in response to the pandemic, California and Kentucky released less than four percent of their prisoners, while Arizona stated that it would release none.

The remaining minority of prisoners are in federal custody.

Between March 22 and March 26, 23 inmates escaped and at least one inmate tested positive for COVID-19 in each of two prisons. Judges ordered the liberation of thousands of prison inmates, and there were calls to release all medically vulnerable inmates.

As of April 8, there were at least 1,300 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 32 deaths in prisons and jails across the United States.

Effects of COVID-19 on Minority Groups [for now, add these to bottom of section?]
Although as of May 13, 2020, black prisoners make up ⅓ of the prison population in Missouri, they have had 58% of the positive tests for the state’s prison population. 43 prison agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Prisons, have refused to provide any demographic information (besides ages) of prisoners affected by COVID-19. This makes knowing which prisons have larger populations of non-english speaking prisoners who need help understanding preventative measures, such as social distancing, much more difficult. Populations that are more likely to be incarcerated are generally disproportionately affected by pre-existing health conditions such as HIV, hepatitis C and tuberculosis. This creates high concentrations of these diseases within prison populations, with those affected by them having a higher susceptibility to contracting COVID.

Health Services
Many incarcerated people have preexisting conditions that worsen within prisons because of the settings such as lack of proper sanitation procedures and sharing close spaces in many already overcrowded prisons. The cost of medical services disincentivizes prisons from responding to incarcerated people’s illnesses. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, prisons had difficulties with managing incarcerated people’s illnesses for reasons such as the inability to triage. "Punitive solitary confinement" has also been employed as opposed to medical isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the use of solitary confinement, incarcerated people are less likely to report any sickness because they do not want to experience solitary confinement since it is often enforced in inhumane ways that have many damaging effects, especially emotional/psychological ones. This means that there are incarcerated people with unreported symptoms interacting with other incarcerated people and staff, which leads to higher chances of the spread of illness. With the COVID-19 pandemic, there is also a lack of testing, trained and informed health services staff, and treatment resources available.

Immigration Detention Facilities [adding to]
In the past decades, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has turned to private, for profit companies to house the growing detainee population. Facilities operated by private companies are not subject to the same standards of accountability and oversight as government-operated facilities. Prior to the coronavirus, conditions in ICE detention facilities were described as overcrowded, unsanitary, understaffed, and dangerous. Detainees were not given sufficient access to medical care, and outbreaks of diseases such as mumps occurred. Over the course of the coronavirus pandemic, ICE has reported that 7,583 detention center detainees have tested positive for COVID-19, and 8 have died (as of 12/03/2020). However, ICE data has been criticized for having gaps and flaws.

[In March, detainees at several ICE facilities went on strike to demand sanitary supplies. In April, federal judges in California and Pennsylvania ordered ICE to release several detainees who had sued. Lawsuits were also filed in Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Washington state. As of April 2, there were 35,000 people in ICE custody. As of April 13, twenty-seven migrant children held by the Office of Refugee Resettlement had tested positive for COVID-19.]

In April and May, a series of letters were penned and signed by detainees in neighboring detention facilities in Eloy, AZ. The letters described a lack of food, medical treatment, and adequate safety measures as well as inhumane conditions in quarantine. One detainee stated they were going to ask to be deported in order to escape the facility’s conditions.

The Vera Institute of Justice released a peer reviewed model based on ICE data from late May. Of the 80,655 people Vera estimates to be held in ICE detention at any point over a 60 day time period, they calculate that 15,549 would contract COVID-19. 235 of these would require hospitalization. 2-17 people would die in the first 60 days.

= Social Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States = The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has had far-reaching consequences in the country that go beyond the spread of the disease itself and efforts to quarantine it, including political, cultural, and social implications.

[sentence re Education][Prison][Racial disp][Gender][Sports]...

For the education section, we would want to mention that many schools shut down in March 2019, and in fall 2020 many were still using remote learning or hybrid models, changing the education landscape. For the sports section, we would summarize the information already there about how sports had to shut down in March, but the NBA managed to restart by isolating the players as a bubble.

(currently 14 subsections, will be 15)


 * 1Lockdowns
 * 1.1Reopening
 * 2Educational impact
 * 3Public transportation
 * 4Prisons
 * 5Immigration detention
 * 6Xenophobia and racism
 * 7Racial disparities
 * Suggested: Gender next
 * 8Event cancellations
 * 9Media
 * 9.1Publishing
 * 9.2Film
 * 9.3Television
 * 10Sports
 * 11Health insurance
 * 12Religious services
 * 13Opioid crisis
 * 14Foster care

Educational Impact (2): Group work in User:DT243/sandbox (Diana, Noa)
[could use some thought on context and where your contributions fit in-- do we make subheadings for what's there, or add yours to the end?]:

current "sub-lead":

, most American public and private schools—at least 124,000—had closed nationwide, affecting at least 55.1 million students. By April 22, school buildings had been ordered or recommended to be closed for the remainder of the academic year in 39 states, three territories, and the District of Columbia. As schools shift education to online learning, there are concerns about student access to necessary technology, absenteeism, and accommodations for special needs students. School systems also looked to adjust grading scales and graduation requirements to mitigate the disruption caused by the unprecedented closures.

ADD: Many schools shut down in March 2019, and in fall 2020 many were still using remote learning or hybrid models, changing the education landscape.


 * Public/Private Schools
 * Higher Ed
 * Standardized Testing
 * Student Debt
 * Race/SES Disparities

Positive
With the adaptation to virtual learning, some teachers have expressed a new appreciation for or validation in their profession. The pandemic has been seen as an opportunity to add levels of creativity and engagement to lesson plans. Teachers have also gained a greater sense of empathy for their students' home situations. Within the teaching community, there has been an increase in collaboration and support as they share online resources.

Negative
Over 30% of teachers and educational faculty are over the age of 50. This age group has been shown to be at a higher risk of contracting the disease, and therefore, possibly unknowingly carrying it home, particularly considering the lack of COVID-19 protections and testing available. This is a concern for teachers whose schools have reopened in person, primarily in the Southern United States. Another challenge, largely amongst older teachers, has been the difficult adaptation to online learning platforms. Surveys have reflected that teaching during the pandemic has caused many educators, specifically those with more experience and those who live in the South, to consider leaving the profession or retiring early. Regardless of age, teachers have also expressed difficulties connecting or maintaining positive relationships with students and parents through virtual learning.

Remote Learning
There is a lot of variation in educational plans across school districts. In lower income areas, kids are more likely to receive only paper resources instead of online instruction. Even within the category of remote learning, some schools require students to spend hours on video conferencing software, some rely heavily on asynchronous activities, and others use a mix of the two methods. However, these methods are not equally engaging and provide differing levels of interaction with teachers and classmates, which affects the students' learning and development. Another major change to education is reduced instructional minutes at many schools. Although the exact impact of this is cannot be determined yet, past analyses have shown that students benefit from longer school days with more instructional time. Other unique challenges associated with the pandemic are the inequitable access to technology and stable WiFi, and the fact that parents have to balance essentially homeschooling their kids with their other responsibilities. Both of these challenges disproportionately affect low-income families.

Prisons (4): Group work in User:Mayashah2/sandbox (Maya, Arslon, Shriya)
As COVID-19 was spreading to several prisons in the U.S., some states and local jurisdictions began to release prisoners considered vulnerable to the virus. To reduce transmission, the Federal Bureau of Prisons started a near-lockdown for all prisoners on April 1, for at least 14 days. Part of this push has involved a call to reduce prison size, particularly in response to repeated outbreaks in prisons. Some efforts have been made to reduce spread, such as by limiting transfers into state prisons. Still, according to a June 2020 report from Prison Policy Initiative, most states have received failing grades for their response to COVID-19 outbreaks in state prisons.

Current Statistics on COVID-19 in prisons
The Coronavirus is spreading rapidly throughout correctional facilities. As of October 27, 2020, 161,323 prisoners in the United States have tested positive for Covid-19. The number of reported cases per week peaked the week of August 11 with 8,755 reported cases. Texas, which has reported 23,362 cases as of October 27, 2020, has the largest total number of cases among prisoners in the United States by state. As of October 27, 2020, there have also been at least 1,320 deaths due to Covid-19 among prisoners. Florida has reported the most deaths among prisoners due to Covid-19, with a total of 170 reported deaths (20 deaths per 10,000 prisoners). This reported data has also shown that black prisoners have been disproportionately affected by Covid-19. In Missouri, as of May 13, 2020, black prisoners made up 58% of the positive tests while only making up 33% of the total prison population. Additionally in Vermont, as of May 20, 2020, 18% of prisoners who had tested positive for Covid-19 were black while only 9% of all prisoners were black. The limited testing that has been done in correctional facilities suggests that the number of Covid-19 cases among prisoners is much higher than what has been reported. Additionally, there is little available data about Covid-19 cases among the prison staff because many of them are not being regularly tested.

Causes of COVID-19 in Prisons

Prison inmates are more than four times as likely to contract COVID-19 and twice as likely to die from the virus when compared to the general population. This elevated vulnerability can be attributed to several factors, including overcrowding and at risk prison demographics. As of late 2018, prisons across 25 states as well as the Federal Bureau of Prisons reached their maximum capacity. In these crowded conditions, social distancing and quarantining is not always possible, increasing the likelihood of prisoners in custody getting infected. Prison populations also include a large percentage of people older than the age of 55, a higher risk demographic for COVID-19. As of 2016, the percentage of older people in state prisons was 12% and the percentage of older people in federal prisons was 11%, both of which continue to rise.

Effects of COVID-19 in Prisons

The presence of COVID-19 in prisons has caused negative responses among the prison population. Prisons have cut down the number of correctional officers because of the virus, and with less security, violence has increased. Three prisoners in Alabama were killed within the span of one month from March to April earlier this year.

CURRENT CONTENT(recently updated by other user)- [weave together? thoughts?]
This pandemic has even put tremendous pressure on our current correctional system by adding the responsibility of trying to keep fellow staff and inmates from not spreading Covid 19. As the virus began to spread throughout multiple regions in the U.S it affected correction facilities as well such as inside the prisons. Some states with the help of local jurisdictions began to release prisoners who were considered vulnerable to the virus. The most at risk inmates cost prisons across the country  a lot of money due to Covid 19 most were the elderly inmates with preexisting conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and asthma. To reduce transmission, the Federal Bureau of Prisons started a near-lockdown for all prisoners on April 1, for at least 14 days. Part of this push has involved a call to reduce prison size. So far prison are having trouble with crowding and lack of sanitation measures contribute to the risk of contracting diseases in prisons and jails. As a result of the quality of treatment of prisoners and employees have been affected for the worse. There have been protests around many prisons in different countries due to the frustration of contracting corvid 19 due to conditions in the prisons. So far there have been multiple Covid 19 outbreaks. One incident was in Bledsoe Correctional Complex in Pikeville, Tennessee. Most of the prisoners who were tested were asymptomatic, and the facility stated it has taken more steps to prevent the outbreak from growing. The main cause of the outbreak of Bledsoe Correctional Complex was that the people working in prisons brought the virus into the prisons affecting 500 prisoners, This is a main concern the correction system is facing all throughout the country.

Section Lead [add]
[Sentence about Racism Disparities and COVID]. Aside from these direct health inequities, broader social inequities are a growing effect of the COVID crisis. For instance, amid school closures families are grappling with layered risks of virus risk, income loss, grief, food insecurity, unhealthy environments, learning delay, isolation, lack of information, and more - crumbling or absent public systems risk a new white flight and entrenched segregation for years to come. [sentence moved from bottom of existing section]

Indigenous Americans [new subsection]
While Native Americans make up approximately 7% of the U.S. population, the COVID-19 infection rate was twice the national average in the eight counties with the highest indigenous populations. Additionally, the Navajo Nation had the highest rate of infection in the United States, surpassing New York state late May. However, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact statistic due to a severe lack of race and ethnicity data in local hospitals.

It has been determined that Native Americans who have contracted the virus have had a worse prognosis than other groups. A higher rate of non-elderly Indigenous Americans are at risk of developing a serious illness from COVID-19 than any other ethnic group. In addition, when accounting for age, Indigenous Americans are found to have died of COVID-19 3.1 times more than white Americans.

Native Americans who live on reservations are more vulnerable to COVID-19 due to crowded housing conditions, underfunded access to health care, food and water insecurity, and underlying health conditions. In response to the outbreak of COVID-19, Navajo reservation ordered all members to wear masks in public, instilled isolation protocols, and banned unnecessary travel. A significant portion of households on the Navajo reservation do not have access to running water or electricity which makes it difficult for residents to comply with sanitation recommendations. Food security is an issue that has been exacerbated by the pandemic, due to price-gouging during times of crisis resulting from issues with transportation of goods to the geographically remote reservations. There has also been a reported increase in rape, sexual assault, and family violence in Native American communities since the start of the pandemic. Native American communities across the country have experienced a disruption of cultural practices due to lockdown and social distancing.

A total of $208.7 Million went to tribal medical assistance from the CDC. Because the previous Census undercounted many residents on reservation land, reservations have lacked federal funding to combat the COVID pandemic. The pandemic continued the trend of undercounting, as the 2020 Census wrapped up counting on Oct. 15 and disproportionately left out Native American households. Federal aid reserved for native tribes also sparked conflict. The tribe stimulus package allowed corporations serving natives to apply for aid rather than fully allocating them to tribal governments, which implicates companies as tribal authorities.

Latinx Americans [add subheading]
[edit out "hispanics"]

Filipino Americans [add subheading]
[edit out "blacks and hispanics"]

Gender Disparities (suggested 8): Group work in User:Katbouk/sandbox (Amanda, Isabel, Katherine)
Women are physically less affected by the coronavirus itself than men. But, women are more affected by the negative repercussions of declining mental health, increased domestic violence and responsibilities, being frontline workers and a lack of job accessibility that have come as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mental health in women
Compared to men, women are more detrimentally affected by the social and mental repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Women reported suffering from mental health issues at a far greater rate than men (27% of women to 10% of men), experiencing more anxiety, stress, lack of motivation, and depression during the coronavirus pandemic. It has been reported that 83% of women have felt a noticeable increase in feelings of depression, anxiety, or stress, compared to only 36% of men. Men reported experiencing greater feelings of relaxation of happiness than before the pandemic, compared to women. These disparities may stem from social stigma surrounding mental illness in men. Men are less like to seek professional care and admit mental illness concerns, often due to self-stigma and notions of masculinity.

Reproductive health
In studies of the gender inequity onset during historical pandemics, maternal or infant mortality typically rose because medical resources were diverted away from pregnant mothers and towards the health crisis itself. This has also been the case during the COVID-19  pandemic. Women and girls have decreased access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, as the majority of resources are being used to develop a vaccine/treat COVID patients. This may lead to higher rates of pregnancy in adolescents, maternal mortality and the transmission of STDs and HIV.

Domestic abuse
There has been a spike in domestic violence cases as a result of quarantining during the pandemic, as women and girls are near their abusers more often. For example, during lockdown in March 2020, the number of police calls and reports relating to domestic violence increased in New York City, San Antonio, Texas and Jefferson County, Alabama by 10%, 18% and 27% respectively (compared to March 2019). Homes that are overcrowded and contain people with suffering from substance abuse issues can worsen the living conditions for these women. Also, domestic violence victims do not have access to the support and resources that can help them escape violent situations. With stay-at-home orders in place, domestic abuse hotlines were prepared for an increased volume of calls, but they instead experienced an up to 50% decrease as victims were unable to connect to services in a safe or private environment.

Childcare
Although the quantity of domestic work has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, the distribution of this work among genders has stayed largely the same, falling more on women. The time women in the US typically spend on family responsibilities in the US has increased by 1.5 to 2 hours per day during the pandemic. Women typically have lower-paying jobs and more part-time work than men, creating more social expectations for women to leave their job and accommodate changing childcare needs. In addition, 90% of single parents are women. In the current health crisis, single mothers are unable to choose between their job and caring for their children, both of which are essential. When schools close, women are unable to take care of their children and continue working. If a single mother is laid off, they are more likely to lack financial support and struggle economically.

Education
There is the potential for millions of young girls to receive more limited education as a result of the pandemic. Girls who live in poverty, rural and isolated areas or have disabilities are at a greater risk of dropping out of school. Due to the closing of schools globally, 60 million teachers and 1.52 billion students are working from home. These closures have also caused women and girls to have to complete more chores than they usually would at home.

Jobs
Studies of gender inequity in historical pandemics have shown that income decreases are relatively independent of gender during the crisis itself. However, the return of women’s income lags behind that of men. The disparity caused by gender discrimination in pandemics creates long-lasting financial and economic consequences for women, but relatively short-term hindrances for men. In the immediate effects of initial stay-at-home advisories of quarantine in the spring of 2020, 11.5 million women and 9 million men lost their jobs. This discrepancy signals the beginning of inequitable financial stress, exacerbated by the fact that women are disproportionately represented in industries that are expected to experience hardships because of COVID-19, including food, education, hospitality, and retail trade.

Additionally, women occupy 78% of the jobs at hospitals, 70% of jobs at pharmacies, and 51% of jobs at grocery stores, putting them at high risk of COVID infection as frontline workers. Women also hold 66.6% of the forty lowest-paying jobs in the U.S. economy.

Sports (suggested 11, currently 10): Student work in User:Amartya.eking/sandbox (Amartya)
How would you organize what's already in this s'n? For now, plan to just paste to end of section?

NBA Restart
The NBA was one of the major sports leagues to have a plan to come back during the pandemic. Commissioner Adam Silver and the NBA Players Association came to an agreement for having 22 teams that were in playoff contention go to a bubble. The bubble is an isolated places where players and team personal cannot exit or enter without the permission of the league and was instituted to isolate the league from the COVID-19 and the world. Prior to reopening the bubble many teams got permission to open up their training facilities capping the amount of players allowed at 4 at a time. The NBA bubble ends up being at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. They resumed the season on July 30th and planned on starting the playoffs august 17th with the finals being in the window of Sept 30th- October 14th. The NBA bubble ended up being a successful bubble in terms of transmission prevention. During the leagues time closed off from the rest of the world in Orlando nobody from team staff or players tested positive for the virus and the Los Angeles Lakers ended up winning their 17th NBA title.