User:Lisa Diez/Chromesthesia/Bibliography

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1. Jewanski, J., Simner, J., Day, S. A., Rothen, N., & Ward, J. (2019). The evolution of the concept of synesthesia in the nineteenth century as revealed through neurosciences. Journal of the history of the neurosciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2019.1675422 ====== The Wikipedia article is missing information about the history of chromesthesia. I will use this article to add information about the development and evolution of the term. The first documented synesthete in history was Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs in 1812. However, the authors identify a 1772 quote from Johann Gottfried Herder, a poet and philosopher, which indicates a very close description of what is now known as sound-to-color synesthesia, or chromesthesia. The transformation from the term “colored manifestation” to ”hyperchromatopsia” to “synesthesia”, which is used today, is explored. Finally, there is a valuable discussion about the numerous explorations of the term in different languages, including English, Italian, German, Russian and Spanish.

2. Luke, D. P., & Terhune, D. B. (2013). The induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00753
There is a brief mention of chromesthesia induced through hallucinogenic drugs in the article, but it is incomplete and not properly cited. This is a review of several published studies that explore chemical agents, such as LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, ayahuasca and MDMA, that can induce synesthesia and chromesthesia. Even though the article is older than five years, it’s a source that will be used to touch on much older (but highly relevant) studies. I will focus on the studies that used pure sonic tones as stimuli and the ones that induced auditory-visual synesthesia, since these are relevant to chromesthesia. The authors state that psychoactive drugs target the serotonin system, specifically, and they can be valuable as a way to study synesthesia in laboratory conditions. It is important to note that no clear conclusions can be made about the role of hallucinogens in eliciting synesthesia.

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3. Zdzinski, S. F., Ireland, S. J., Wuttke, B. C., Belen, K. E., Olesen, B. C, Doyle, J. L., & Russell, B. E. (2019). An exploratory neuropsychological case study of two chromesthetic musicians. Florida Music Educators’ Association, Inc., 20, 65-82. ====== The Wikipedia article has two very brief sections on cross-activation theory and the disinhibited feedback model. I will use this case study to expand on these two theories, which aim to explain how synesthesia occurs, and explore other chromesthesia studies. Studies on chromesthesia are less common than studies in grapheme-color synesthesia, but usually the former are conducted in musicians and artists. Ramachandran and Hubbard conducted a study in 2001 to argue that synesthesia occurs due to cross-activation of different brain areas, including the fusiform gyrus and the angular gyrus (depending on the type of synesthete – projector or associator). Grossenbacher and Lovelace proposed an alternative theory, also in 2001, which states that sensory feedback information induces sensory experiences in a separate sensory area by traveling through existing pathways in the brain. Although it is a primary source, I will only use information that summarizes and reviews external studies and theories (as a secondary source).

4. Ward, J. (2013). Synesthesia. Annual review of psychology, 64, 49-75. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143840
This review was cited numerous times throughout the Wikipedia article, so I thought it would be a good place to find information. I will use it to expand on remarks and topics that are incomplete. Synesthesia, according to the author, can be thought of as an alternative perceptual experience of the world; a condition that has an empirical and scientific basis. The review explores various characteristics of chromesthesia (some that are missing in the article), including its consistency of associations, automaticity and prevalence. Furthermore, it touches on the causes of synesthesia, including neural mechanisms and the two theories mentioned before. There is a discussion of the benefits and difficulties that synesthetes can experience (which could be a new section in the article). Finally, the author discusses perceptual ability and its direct relationship with synesthesia.