User:Lisaphg/sandbox

Copyediting + Citation "AA Rep. in Media"

 * Sentence 1: "and a component"
 * Examples of misrepresentation: "where the protagonist, a South Asian boy, encounters..."
 * "can be shown to be in part from being linked with lower life expectancies." --> "can be linked, in part, to lower life expectancies"


 * Citation added: https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIjICgAAQBAJ&pg=PT315&lpg=PT315&dq=bishop+wj+walls+crude,+repetitious,+and+moronic&source=bl&ots=-hJfhsxmv4&sig=28S-j4SPksH3stAhgMlFThXhWt8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjx197mxOXdAhXFpFkKHdFRBBkQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=bishop%20wj%20walls%20crude%2C%20repetitious%2C%20and%20moronic&f=false

Article Evaluation
The article I read on cultural appropriation is generally very well written, reviewed, and on topic. However, the section on gender and sexuality threw off the article’s flow because it did not explicitly deal with race, but rather misrepresentation in the media (as it pertains to the LGBT community.) While the attempt at drawing parallels between cultural appropriation and casting non-LGBT people for LGBT roles is understandable, the connection is not direct and the issues not the same. Thus, that section serves only a distraction from the main topic and derails all previous arguments. Removing this section altogether could greatly help the article’s flow.

Further, the article is, for the most part, well cited. The majority of links within the article and in the works cited section all work as intended, though some of the links in the works cited are broken or hold info behind a paywall. Moreover, the citations are from reliable sources, either articles from well-known online publications or from published and peer-reviewed books. These are both reliable sources as they have gone through various rounds of editing and research, be it through interviews or field work. Despite all this, the article is written in a very biased way, especially in the sports section where it condemns sports teams for their use of cultural appropriation. Personal feelings aside, the article lacks a formal, “matter-of-fact” point of view which could lend more credibility to the arguments being made.

A lot of the conversations behind the scenes concern the relevance of some examples as well as the validity of some others as “cultural appropriation.” This shows a fundamental disagreement of what each contributor personally considers of cultural appropriation, the formal definition at the beginning of the article notwithstanding. The article is part of the social sciences/anthropology article collection. The article, especially in the introduction/summary section, discusses the role power imbalances play in defining the concept of cultural appropriation. This seldom comes up in classroom discussions about the concept. In classrooms, it is mostly talked about in terms of disrespect and mockery, not dominance and colonialism. This was a very interesting and new perspective to consider.

Draft of Article Addition+Bigger Edit
DRAFT *note: there's many more citations on the actual article, but they didn't copy and paste for some reason*

Representation of African American Women
The representation of African American women in media has changed throughout the years. According to Sue Jewell, an urban sociology researcher at the Ohio State University from 1982 to 2011, there are typically three main archetypes of African American women in media – the Mammy, the Sapphire, and the Jezebel. The Mammy archetype was created during the period of slavery to convey what was acceptable of a slave woman to do and say. This image of a slave woman translated into an asexual, maternal figure. The Mammy archetype manifested, for the most part, in literary works and films during the mid-1900s and was reimagined during the 1980s. A popular manifestation of this archetype is Aunt Jemina.

The second archetype of African American women, as described by Jewell, is the Sapphire woman. The Sapphire woman, also known as the angry Black woman, is hostile and emasculates Black men through various insults. This archetype was popular during the 1940s and 1950s, created by the Amos and Andy radio show.

The Jezebel archetype, the third described by Jewell, was created in contrast to the ideals of the Mammy slave woman. The Jezebel is a slave woman that satisfied the sexual needs of their white slave masters, and was used to justify the rape of Black slave women. Women who fit this archetype were depicted as fitting European standards of beauty.

Some experts maintain that these historical stereotypes have persisted throughout history and actually influenced the creation of more modern stereotypes. These new stereotypes include the welfare queen, the gold digger, and the video vixen. The first is characterized by her sexual promiscuity and schemes for getting money, the second for her exploitation of good-hearted men, and the third for her sexual promiscuity as well.

Hip-Hop Music
The misrepresentation of African American women has permeated into the music industry, more specifically hip-hop/rap videos. In this form of media, Black women's bodies have been historically hyper-sexualized through images of exotic dancers dressed in a provocative way. In an attempt to oppose those who perpetuate the misrepresentation of Black women, students at Spelman College cancelled a bone-marrow drive in the spring of 2004. They did so as a form of protest against rapper Nelly's, a prominent sponsor of the event, sexist lyrics and videos.

The number of Black women in the music industry has increased throughout the years, despite the industry's focusing on the works of African American men. African American women have used the hip-hop genre to increase their representation and reconstruct what their identity means to them, taking the power into their own hands.

Beauty Industry
Scholars, such as Tracey Owens Patton, have stated that the beauty industry predominantly focuses on and caters to white and European standards of beauty. African American women have had to navigate these biased beauty standards when it comes to their hair and body image. African slave women were held to the standards of white women, often obtaining better treatment if they had lighter skin or a body type that was similar to their white counterparts. African American women have to change the appearance of their hair in order to fit European standards of beauty, from a young age. The beauty salon has become a way for African American Women to organize for empowerment and health education in their communities.

Reality Television
Main article: reality television

Reality television shows such as Bad Girls Club, The Real Housewives of Atlanta, and Love & Hip Hop have received criticism and been discussed for their portrayal of Black women, many of whom are depicted as Sapphires, Mammies, and Jezebels. This has led to people, such as Donnetrice Allison, associate professor of Communication Studies and Africana Studies at Stockton University, to state that these shows serve as a new platform for these archetypes to thrive in modern day culture and society.[page needed]