User:LiteracyJuliana/Stygiomedusa/Bibliography

Extremely rare phantom jellyfish caught on camera. (2023, February 10). Animals. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/rare-giant-phantom-jellyfish-antarctica

Daniel M. Moore, a marine biologist with Exeter University in the U.K. and chief scientist for Viking Cruises states that the reason Antarctic waters below 160 feet haven’t yet been well explored is that they are so difficult and expensive to reach. However, the frequent encounters with this animal are that tourism expeditions in the Antarctic are increasingly offering personal submersibles to guests to take photos. This leads to the sighting of the Giant Phantom Jellyfish hundreds of feet underwater off the coast of Antarctica’s Rongé Island. The Viking Expeditions cruise ship had shown those photos taken with the private submersibles to Daniel M. Moore.

Moore, D. M., Flink, A. E., Prendergast, E., & Gilbert, A. (2023). Personal submersibles offer novel ecological research access to Antarctic waters: An example, with observations of the rarely encountered scyphozoan Stygiomedusa gigantea. Polar Research, 42. https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v42.8873

The direct observations of the rarely encountered scyphozoan Stygiomedusa gigantea at depths of 80–280 m (the mesopelagic and lower epipelagic zones) around the Antarctic Peninsula coastal waters. The Norwegian Polar Institute, which corresponds to Daniel M. Moore of Viking Expeditions, found the Stygiomedusa Gigantea in the Antarctic Peninsula at Georges Point, Rongé Island, Fournier Bay, Anvers Island, and Paradise Harbour.

published, P. P. (2023, February 27). Alien-like giant phantom jellyfish spotted in frigid waters off Antarctica. Livescience.Com. https://www.livescience.com/alien-like-giant-phantom-jellyfish-spotted-in-frigid-waters-off-antarctica

Giant Phantom jellyfish live in every ocean except for the Arctic Ocean. However, because they typically swim deep below the surface, they are hardly seen by humans. Daniel M. Moore noted that one potential explanation is that the jellyfish swim higher up to expose themselves to ultraviolet radiation, which will rid them of parasites. Another hypothesis is that the upwelling deep water found around the Antarctic continent simply carries them upward.