User:Littlecolibri972/sandbox


 * name             = CREOLE

History of creole
Creole appears in the context of the slave trade from the 16th to the 19th century. Etymologically, the word “Creole” comes from the Spanish criollo, a word itself from the Portuguese crioulou, meaning “servant fed in the house”. In France, the term comes from the Latin criare (to feed, to raise). Therefore, it’s historically described any person “raised locally”, “who is from the country”. This word was initially used to designate “the white child born and raised in the overseas colonies, like the black population (extended to animals and objects) and their language”. Thus, it was the "bossal slaves" who would have created the Creole languages, by trying to reclaim the imprecise linguistic varieties stated by the "Creole slaves", much closer to their white masters. In linguistics, a Creole language is a language that has become native in a society, and which, for some specialists, originally descends from a pidgin. But what is a pidgin? It is a simplified vehicular language, created on a base language, often European (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch). Some suggests that a pidgin can become a creole once a generation uses it as their mother tongue. Others differentiate pidgin (emergence to communicate and trade) from Creole (appearance in the colonies to serve interactions between colonists and slaves, then between servile populations). In sociolinguistics, we then speak of basilect, that is to say a variety of language distant from its base language (the acrolect) but which coexist in a continuum. Basilectation would come from the progressive distinction of the Creole spoken by the white settlers from the languages ​​of the servile populations. It is also common to use the term "pidgin" to name languages ​​derived from English; and the term “Creole” for languages ​​derived from French. Referring above all to the slave trade, Creole is essentially the result of mixing different languages ​​in order to be able to communicate, to find a common language between two people of different origins: understanding each other between masters (Europeans) and slaves (mostly Africans), exchange between two slaves from two distinct countries, develop a communication system in order to survive, or even resist, recognize yourself as an integral part of the same geographical space through a common language. The first Creole nation in the world was that of the Cape Verde Islands, discovered by the Portuguese in 1456, and very quickly populated by Europeans but also by deported Africans put into slavery.

The different Creole languages
First of all, it's important to understand that Creoles are geographically distributed in three major regions of the world. 1. The West Indies 2. Africa 3. Southeast Asia and the Pacific The largest Creole-speaking populations are in the West Indies and the French Guianas, not to mention Brazilian Creole. A second group of Creole speakers is located in Africa: the Cape Verde Islands, Guinea-Bissau, Cameroon, Reunion, etc. In French, African Creoles are sometimes called “pitinègue” (i.e. “petit-nègre”). Finally, the third group is located in South-East Asia and Oceania: the Philippines, Singapore, Papua New Guinea...etc. The countries with the most speakers are Haiti (over eight million) and Mauritius (over one million). French Creoles developed in the former French colonies of the West Indies, French Guiana and the Indian Ocean. There are around ten million speakers of French Creole. In the Antilles, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Saint-Barthélemy, Saint Lucia and Dominica are all Creole speakers, although their mother tongue is French. Another peculiarity is that all these regions speak a different Creole. Nowadays, we can distinguish between Martinique Creole, Guadeloupe Creole, Haitian Creole, Dominican Creole, St. Lucian Creole, Reunionese Creole, etc. Exemple : When in Creole you want to say moi/je, in Haitian Creole we say map, in Guadeloupean Creole we say mwen, an and in Martinique Creole we say mwen, man. English creoles are relatively more numerous than French creoles. However, they are spoken by fewer people.: they are found mainly in the French West Indies, the French Guianas (including Surinam), Africa and the Pacific. In fact, English-based Creoles first appeared in the former British colonies of the West Indies. English-based creoles certainly number over five million speakers, but many of these are spoken in sparsely populated micro-states. There are also other creoles, such as Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch. Creoles are in fact created from the lexical bases of different languages, depending on the origin of the settlers who colonized these territories. Jamaican Creole, for example, has an English lexical base. Haitian Creole, recognized as an official language in 1987, has a French lexical base, as do the Creoles of Guadeloupe, Martinique and the English-speaking islands of Grenada, Trinidad, St. Vincent, Dominica and St. Lucia, which were settled by French colonists.

The Creole proverbs
The Creole proverbs, rich in wisdom and colors, reflect the culture and experiences of the daily life of Creole communities. The Creole proverbs, contrary to popular belief, are not Words of the past, "Words of time-long" as they say in the West Indies. The proverb has no time, it is eternal, and indispensable. ORIGIN OF PROVERBS Settlers were mostly illiterate peasants, carrying a rich oral culture of songs, tales and proverbs. This explains why many French proverbs have passed into Creole without undergoing any other modification than linguistic. · For Example: Pa ni pli soud ki sa ki pa lé tann (There is no more deaf than one who does not want to hear) PROVERBS & MEANING - Literal translation: what will be, will be - Moral: what can happen! - Literal translation: life is not a bowl of toloman - Moral: life is not simple!
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 * SA KI FET, FET
 * LAVI-A SÉ PA AN BOL TOLOMAN

- Literal translation: Dust does not rise without wind - Moral: There is no smoke without fire! - Literal translation: it’s when you’re in trouble that you know your friends - Moral: In complicated moments surround you with good people! - Literal translation: it is the rice seeds that make a bag of rice - Moral: The accumulation of small things ends up leading to big things/ things get done little by little! - Literal translation: you must have almost drowned to learn to swim - Moral: You have to learn from these mistakes to succeed! - Literal translation: an only sheep rots the whole herd - Moral: A bad person can rot a whole group! - Literal translation: forgiveness does not ford bumps - Moral: Forgiveness does not cure the evil already done!
 * BPOUSYÈ PAKA LÉVÉ SAN VAN
 * SÉ LÈ OU MÉLÉ OU KONNET ZANMI’W
 * SE GREN DIRI KA FE SAK DIRI
 * FOK OU MANTJÉ NÉYÉ POU APWAN NAJÉ
 * AN SEL MOUTON KA GATE TOUT TWOUPO LA
 * PADON PAKA GUERI BOS

Current Situation and Future Prospects of Creole

 * Linguistic Status

Creole is spoken in various regions around the world, particularly in the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and some parts of South America and Africa. In Haiti, Haitian Creole is one of the official languages alongside French. This official recognition is significant, but Creole still faces considerable challenges, especially in terms of prestige compared to French, which is often seen as the language of education and administration.

In islands like Réunion and Martinique, Creole is widely spoken, but it does not always have the same official status as French. This leads to difficulties since Creole is often marginalized in educational and administrative systems. However, efforts are being made to improve its recognition and official use.


 * Promotion and Preservation

Various initiatives aim to promote and preserve Creole languages. For example, in Haiti, educational programs are in place to teach and value Creole in schools. Cultural projects, such as Creole music and literature, also play a crucial role in preserving the language and Creole culture.

UNESCO has also implemented initiatives to promote Creole languages as intangible cultural heritage. These initiatives include documenting and promoting Creole languages through educational and cultural programs.

For the future, the prospect of balanced bilingualism, where Creole and French (or other dominant languages) are used complementarily, is often emphasized. Teaching Creole from a young age and integrating it into media and popular culture are essential strategies to ensure its sustainability and development.

Creole benefits from increasing recognition and sustained efforts for its promotion and preservation. However, it continues to face significant challenges, especially in terms of prestige and official status. With appropriate educational and cultural initiatives, Creole can hope for a future where it is fully integrated and valued in the societies where it is spoken.