User:Llywrch/List of Consuls notes

The need to base these lists on reliable sources; right now we have no source for the list in general. Other editions of primary sources:
 * Either Degrassi, Fasti Capitolini (1954) or Broughton, The magistrates of the Roman republic (1952) for the Republican part.
 * Update this material with later discoveries. (Syme, Augustan Aristocracy has a list current for 1986 for 80 BC - AD 14)
 * How to indicate variant readings? Which ones to include? (Obviously, do not include each time a source reverses the order of the consuls. Omit these unless all the primary sources disagree with Broughton & he offers no reasoning for ignoring them.)
 * For Imperial part, this will be more complex. No single source. There is Degrassi's I fasti consulari dell'Impero Romano (1952), but it is in Italian.
 * Syme's article for AD 14-20.
 * V. Ehrenberg, A. H. M. Jones, Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, 2nd Edition (1963) to cover the gap in those reigns.
 * P. A. Townend, "The Fasti for the Reign of Gaius", Antichthon, 13 (1979)
 * W. Eck, Senatoren von Vespasian bis Hadrian (1970) -- Lacks a list of consuls; might have to rely on Smallwood, Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian (Cambridge, 1966), & update that. :-/
 * G. Alföldy, Konsulat u. Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (1977) Covers AD 138-180
 * P. M. Leunissen, Konsulen u. Konsularien in der Zeit con Commodus bis Severus Alexander, 180-235 (1989)
 * How to cover gap 236-283? PLRE covers 260+ -- Only consuls suffectus from 206 known, so any general ancient chronology that covers the 3rd century ought to suffice.
 * Roger Bagnall, et alia, Consuls of the later Roman Empire (1989) -- covers 284 to the bitter end.
 * Update, using survey articles of Roman inscriptions in JRS, material from ZPE & L'Année épigraphique. (I hope using just these 3 sources is good enough)
 * Fasti Ostienses, ed. Ladislav Vidman Rozpravy CSAV 67, 1957
 * John Schied with P. Tassimi & J. Rupke, Recherches archeologiques a La Magliana. Commentarii fratrum arvalium qui supersunt. Les copies epigraphiques des protocols annuels de la confrerie arva (21 av. - 304 ap. J.-C.) Rome antica 4 1998

Possible related articles:
 * Varronian chronology
 * How the Republican historians compiled the list
 * Or The Consular fasti, with a section about the origins of the list.
 * How contemporary historians recovered the Imperial section of the list, viz. 43 BC -AD 206:
 * The names of the consulares ordinarii are mostly certain, with a few exceptions;
 * Sources: literary (Tacitus, Suetonius, etc.), inscriptions (Fasti Ostienses, Acta Fratrum Arvalium, others), non-literary documents (archives of Pompei & Herculaneum), diplomata militari (gap under Marcus Aurelius, ends at 206), indirect (e.g., proconsulars of Africa & Asia).
 * Inference & reasoning (example of Gallivan)
 * Profiles of the Roman consuls -- Even knowing only the names of the consuls, we can still trace developments in the evolution of the Roman Republic & Empire. (Amongst other studies, P.A. Brunt, J.R.S., 72 (1982), 1-17.)
 * Ronald Syme: "The register of the Roman consuls can serve sundry purposes. At the simplest and lowest, it will fix a date or establish a man's identity. In the absence of written history, however, it becomes history itself, as can be demonstrated for divergent epochs, Republican and Imperial; and, even where historians exist, they will often have to be supplemented by exploiting this evidence, or subverted." (I Fasti Consolari dell' Impero Romano dal 30 Av anti Christo al 613 Dopo Christo by Attilio Degrassi, reviewed by Ronald Syme, Journal of Roman Studies, 43 (1953), p. 148)
 * And again: "No history surviving from antiquity has traced the progressive enlargement of the Roman governing class, age by age and region by region-the best statement available is brief and impressionistic, namely Tacitus on the 'principes' of Gallia Comata (Ann. XI, 24), adapting and improving the speech of Claudius Caesar (ILS 212). ... When a senator's origin is not obvious or specified, the study of nomenclature and the pursuit of local dynastic families can yield striking results. From bare names in periods of history apparently void or vague the whole process of social change emerges." (p. 149)


 * List of phantom Roman consuls: these are people thought to be consuls but were later found either did not hold that office, or did not exist
 * The consuls of AD 69 -- the Year of Four Emperors
 * The consuls of AD 190 -- the year of 25 consuls -- Cassius Dio, 73.12.4: "Besides all this, Cleander appointed twenty-five consuls for one year, a thing that never happened before or since; one of these consuls was Severus, who later became emperor."

Introduction (s)
What should the introduction cover?
 * Republic:
 * How this list was compiled
 * Problems with the list: not officially maintained, variant readings for the early Republic (generally before 300 BC)
 * Varronian chronology was adopted due to it being the most common; experts are agreed that in its present form the list before 300 BC is not reliable. Need an article to discuss this issue.
 * What was included (Consular Tribunes, the anarchia, the four Dictator Years), & what was excluded (Dictators & Masters of Horse, Censors, other magistrates & ponifices maximi). And why these decisions were made: to simplify presentation, to provide a name to identify the person & his associated year. To find other magistrates, refer to the related lists.
 * Rationale for footnotes. My preference: variant readings for the early Republic where it effects the identity of the consul (variant forms of the consul's name is delegated to the article); citations for dates of Imperial suffect consuls; explain succession of suffect consuls when needed; notes explaining that information on a given consul is limited to his name; when both post-395 consuls are from one part of the Empire (i.e., both from Rome or Constantinople).
 * Early Empire:
 * Names of the consules ordinarii are well known & reliable. Same sources as Late Empire
 * The issue of suffect consuls -- lack of information, compiled in modern times from many sources: inscriptions like Fasti Ostiensis; literary sources; military diplomas; inference from other lists (e.g. list of proconsuls of Asia)
 * Evidence for dating these ends c. AD 206 except for one isolated year
 * Late Empire:
 * Generally reliable, issue with identification
 * Sources for this part of the list: Chronography of 354, Paschale Chronicle, contemporary records, literary sources
 * Alternative series of consuls: Gallic Empire, Tetrarchy, usurpers
 * Eastern & Western consuls; delays in one court learning of the selection of the other; sometimes one court (to oversimplify) selected both members of the college (What to omit, how to indicate one court selecting both?)
 * The title Flavius

Miscellaneous

 * First dictator (per Livy & Dionysius)
 * Reverse the order of cos. 502 BC

Complete years
Per Syme (1953) in regular type; F.W. Adams, AJA (1951) in italics; P. Gallivan (1974, 1978, 1981) in bold; my additions set off with (parentheses):
 * 43 BC-AD 12
 * (13)
 * 14-20
 * (21)
 * 23-38
 * 40 but July/Aug could be filled by either of two pairs
 * 41 but July/Aug could be filled by either of two pairs
 * (43) but missing colleague of A. Gabinius Secundus (August–September)
 * 46
 * 48
 * (51)
 * (53)
 * (55)
 * 56-59
 * 62
 * 66
 * (67), per Camodeca (2015)
 * (68), per Camodeca (2015)
 * (69)
 * 70
 * (71)
 * (79-81)
 * 85-96 but with gaps (missing a suffect in May 85; the colleague of Q. Vibius Secundus in 86)
 * (97), per F. Zevi
 * (98)
 * (100)
 * (102)
 * (103)
 * 105
 * 107
 * 109-113
 * 114, 115 but with a gap of 1 suffect in each year -- now complete
 * 116
 * (124), per W. Eck
 * 127
 * 128 but for 2 suffecti we only know their praenomina
 * (133), per W. Eck's structure
 * (135), per W. Eck's structure
 * (138), per W. Eck's structure
 * (142), per W. Eck
 * (145), per W. Eck
 * 146-148
 * 152-154 know the structure; completed per W. Eck
 * 160

1st century (1–100)
(Note: Many years lack their complete complement of suffect consuls. Those years that are complete have the number of the year in bold. For ease of reading, nundinia where both consuls are missing are omitted; where one is known, the other is indicated as ignotus. Consuls that may fit in these lacunae may be found at List of undated Roman consuls.)

First century AD

 * W. Eck & Pangerl, A, "Neue Militärdiplome mit Konsuldaten", ZPE 152 (2005), 229-262
 * Eck & Pangerl (2008), "Das erste Diplom fur die Flotte von Britannien aus dem Jahr 93 n.Chr.", ZPE, 165, pp. 227-31
 * Giuseppe Camodeca, "Novità sui fasti consolari delle tavolette cerate della Campania", École Française de Rome, 1991, pp. 45-74. (Material from the Archive of the Sulpicii & Tabulae Herculanenses, effects years 40, 41, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 62, 66, 69, 71)
 * Giuseppe Camodeca, "I consoli degli anni di Nerone nelle "Tabulae Herculanenses", ZPE 193 (2015), pp. 272-282
 * Paul Gallivan, "The Fasti for the Reign of Gaius", Antichthon, 13 (1979), p. 66-69
 * George W. Houston, "Notes on Some Documents Pertaining to Flavian Administrative Personnel", ZPE, 20 (1976), pp. 25-34
 * George W. Houston, "Vespasian's adlection of Men in Senatum", American Journal of Philology, 98 (1977), pp. 35-63
 * Brian W. Jones, "The Consuls of A.D. 90", Historia, 25 (1976), pp. 499-501
 * Brian W. Jones, "Titus and Some Flavian Amici", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 24 (1975), pp. 454-462
 * D. McAlindon, "Senatorial Opposition to Claudius and Nero", American Journal of Philology, 77 (1956), pp. 113-132
 * Olli Salomies, - "Bemerkungen zu einigen konsularen Datierungen: Auf den neugefundenen Weihealtärender beneficiarii in Sirmium", ZPE 110 (1996), pp. 278-282
 * D.C.A. Shotter, "Elections under Tiberius", Classical Quarterly, 1966, pp. 321ff
 * D.C.A. Shotter, "Tiberius and the Senate", Mnem., 1968, pp. 359ff
 * G. B. Townend, "The Consuls of A. D. 69/70", American Journal of Philology, 83 (1962), pp. 113-129

Second century

 * Anthony R. Birley, "Hadrian and Greek Senators", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 116 (1997), pp. 209–245
 * Werner Eck, "Konsuln des Jahres 117 in Militärdiplomen Traians mit Tribunicica Potestas XX", ZPE, 185 (2013), pp. 235-238
 * Werner Eck, "Suffektkonsuln der Jahre 132-134 und Hadrians Rückkehr nach Rom im Jahr 132", ZPE, 143 (2003), pp. 234-242
 * Werner Eck & Pangerl A., "Ein consul suffectus Q. Aburnius in drei fragmentarischen Fragmenten", ZPE, 185 (2013) 239-247
 * David MacDonald and Andreas Pangerl, "A new diploma of Pannonia inferior from 192 AD", Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 33 (2003), pp. 259-271

Collected investigations

 * Brian Campbell, "Who Were the 'Viri Militares'?" Journal of Roman Studies, 65 (1975), pp. 11-31
 * Werner Eck, "Ergänzungen zu den Fasti Consulares des 1. und 2. Jh.n.Chr", Historia, 24 (1975), pp. 324-344
 * Werner Eck, "Miscellanea consularia", ZPE, 25 (1977), pp. 227-240
 * Werner Eck, "Epigraphische Untersuchungen zu Konsuln und Senatoren des 1.-3. Jh. n. Chr.", ZPE, 37 (1980), pp. 31-68
 * Werner Eck, "Miscellanea Prosopographica", ZPE, 42 (1981), pp. 227-256
 * Werner Eck, "Prosopographica", ZPE, 101 (1994), pp. 227-232
 * Werner Eck, "Prosopographica II", ZPE, 106 (1995), pp. 249-254
 * Werner Eck, "Miscellanea Prosopographica", ZPE, 127 (1999), pp. 193-204
 * Werner Eck, "Prosopographica" III, ZPE, 127 (1999), pp. 205-210
 * R. H. Rodgers, "Curatores Aquarum", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 86 (1982), pp. 171–180
 * Ronald Syme, "A Dozen Early Priesthoods", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 77 (1989), pp. 241–259
 * Ronald Syme, "Missing Senators" Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 4 (1955), pp. 52-71
 * Ronald Syme, "Missing Persons (P-W VIII A)", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 5 (1956), pp. 204-212
 * Ronald Syme, "Missing Persons II" Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 8 (1959), pp. 207-212
 * Ronald Syme, "Missing Persons III", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 11 (1962), pp. 146-155
 * Ronald Syme, "Spaniards at Tivoli", Ancient Society, 13/14 (1982/1983), pp. 241-263

Other issues

 * If we divide up the List page (right now it weighs in at 206Kb) shd it be in 2 parts -- Republican Rome & Imperial Rome -- or 3 -- Republican, Early Imperial, & Late Imperial?
 * Is it "List of Republican Roman consuls" or "List of Roman Republican consuls"?
 * The templates associated with "S-start" don't support collegiate offices like consuls & consular tribunes well. There are about a dozen different ways the existing templates have been kludged to support collegiate offices. (Compile examples.)
 * How to handle suffect consuls of the Roman Empire? Should Roman dictator template boxes indicate precedent & successive office holders? In the list, should all unknown/ignotus be shown, or only those paired with a known suffect consul?
 * How to indicate consules of competing lineages?