User:Lmcintyre2

Early Life
Whiting Williams was born on March 11, 1878 in Shelby, Ohio to Benjamin J. Williams and Ida Whiting. His father lead a successful businessman, and his accomplishments including the co-founding of the First national Bank of Shelby, of Shelby Seamless, Inc., the first American producer of seamless steel tubing, and of the Shelby Waterworks. His mother, Ida Whiting, was a skilled china painter as well as a musician.

Education
In 1899, Whiting Williams graduated from Oberlin College after which he continued his education at the University of Berlin for a year (1899-1900, and then the University of Chicago (1900-01. Thereafter, he managed the Bureau of University Travel (1901-04) and became the Assistant to the President at Oberlin College (1904-12). In the meantime, he earned a master's degree in 1909. Williams moved to Cleveland as executive secretary of the Federation for Charity & Philanthropy in 1913. He pioneered more than 2,400 United Appeals. In 1918, he resigned to become Vice President and Personnel Director of Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co.

Early Career (1904-1918)
Williams next career move came when took a position as manager of the University Travel Bureau. He held this job until 1904 when he wrote a letter to the President of Oberlin College, Henry C. King, during his trip to Europe. In this, he suggested that a college president needed a full time assistant to look after the less academic problems facing a school. In November of that same year Williams received a reply to his letter in which he was appointed assistant to the President. He held this position until 1912, and within this time period he met and married his first wife, Caroline Harter.

In 1912 Williams moved to Cleveland, Ohio to co-found the Cleveland Federation for Charity and Philanthropy. This organization was based on the premise that the competition of charitable organizations with each other for contributions was detrimental to their best interests. In response to this, the Cleveland Federation proposed that a single organization conduct a single massive fund drive and dispurse the contributions among the various charitable groups in the city. The Federation was groundbreaking in this attempt, and provided the foundation for what are known as Community Chest, United Fund, and United Way. In 1917, the organizations name changed to the Welfare Federation of Cleveland and Williams title became executive secretary within the Federation.

In 1916, Williams obtained a group promoting and selling group insurance as a special representative for the Equitable Life Assurance Society. A position as such was a novice concept at the time. Amidst the transitions he underwent in terms of his career, Williams grew concerned that his name was too popular, fearing that people might not be able to distinguish him among so many. Therefore, in June 1917 he had his name legally changed from Charles Williams to Whiting Williams.

In 1918 Williams moved to industrial world and served Director of Personnel for the Cleveland Hydraulic Steel Company.

Later Career (1918-1960)
Williams took a leave of absence in 1920 to study  working conditions in various countries and workers' attitudes firsthand. Speaking multiple languages; French, German, Spanish, and Italian, enabled Williams to work as laborer in coal mines, railroad shops, shipyards, and oil refineries in the U.S., Europe, and Central and South America. Based on his research, he gave lectures and wrote several books such as; What's on the Worker's Mind, By One Who Put On Coveralls to Find Out (1920), Full Up and Fed Up (1921), Horny Hands and Hampered Elbows (1922), and Mainsprings of Men (1925). Williams was a consultant on labor relations, personnel management, and public relations for several large businesses and spent the duration of his career lecturing about his experiences until he retired at age 90, for several graduate schools including Harvard, Dartmouth, and Case Western Reserve University. In 1940, he became a member of the National Panel of Arbitrators. In addition, he was a member of the Cosmos Club in Washington, D.C. as well as the Union Club of Cleveland. Meanwhile in Cleveland, he was a trustee of both Hiram House and the School of Art.

Williams transformed his approach in 1931 from working for a single company or client to sending reports on labor conditions to a number of industrialists as a mass news service. These reports often considered the way in which management could placate industrial unrest and avoid other struggles within the workplace. Williams argued for an increased emphasis on individualism and consistently and vigorously opposed the New Deal and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in the following years. At the same time, he gained national fame as a respected lecturer. The groups he addressed vastly varied in size from the local Rotary to business conferences and graduate business schools. All the while, Williams continues writing articles. Williams continued working into the 1960s, which was also his ninth decade of life.

"What's On the Worker's Mind By One Who Put On Overalls To Find Out" (1920)
Based on his work as a common laborer in the steel mills and in a rolling mill, as a coal miner in two towns, as a shipbuilder, as an oil man in a refinery, and as a worker in the iron mines, Williams wrote a 1920 book entitled "What's on the Worker's Mind By One Who Put On Overalls To Find Out."Much of these experiences are presented in a journal like format throughout the book. Within the preface, Williams argues that "the daily job as the axle of the entire world". The book is divided into two parts; part 1 "Overalls" and part 2 "Findings." Within the former, these topics are explored within the following chapters; "Hunting a Job", "In a Ten-Thousand-Man-Power Steel Plant", "In a Rolling-Mill", "Steel Slow-Miner's Wanted", "A Second Coal Town", "The Circle of the Hiring Gates", "With the Builders of Ships", "In an Oil Refinery", "In The Iron Mines", and "Among the Ignonts and Billets Again". The latter "Findings" portion explores, "Some Outstanding Impressions", "Some Deeper Factors", "The Way Out-and Management", and "The Way Out and The Public." While conducting his research, Williams adopted the idea that "no half measures in the manner of disguise"'s Mind By One Who Put On Overalls To Find Out." Within the preface, he argues that "the daily job as the axle of the entire world" . Moreover, he presented himself with "a different name, a slim pocketbook, rough clothes, an unshaven face and a grammerless lingo" 's Mind By One Who Put On Overalls To Find Out". He claimed that his research "cheated no employer"'s as he worked tirelessly in order to derive the ruptured relations between "Labor, Management, and the Public -- the investors in brawn, brains, and bullion, and the burgeoisie". Williams refrained from including any explicit details about companies within his book, including their geographic locations "because neither commendation nor criticism of communities or companies is intended or desired". Surprisingly, Williams did not offer conclusions or prescriptions but pointed out the most prominent concern among workers; terrible foremen.

Personal Life
Williams married Caroline Harter in 1906. They had two children, Carol R. and Harter Whiting. Williams faced two major tragedies in his personal life. In 1932 his daughter who was a talented musician, Carol, was killed in a mysterious explosion in Cleveland Heights. Soon thereafter, 1938 his wife, Caroline, died. Williams found strength in his son, Harter, and married Dorothy Rogers in September 1941. Williams was buried in Shelby, OH.