User:Lmelmore/sandbox

References:
 * 1) https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-016-0587-2
 * 2) https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/105/S1/795/2961884/Hybridization-Introgression-and-the-Nature-of
 * 3) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353357/
 * 4) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560304/
 * 5) https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy20119
 * 6) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908461/
 * 7) https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy201493
 * 8) http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2017/04/06/gr.204800.116
 * 9) http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v108/n3/full/hdy201168a.html
 * 10) http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0001752.html

Article Draft:

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Precise definitions of which populations can be classified as hybrid swarms vary, with some specifying simply that all members of a population should be hybrids, while others differ in whether all members should have the same or different levels of hybridization.[7]

Hybrid swarms form within hybrid zones, an area where two similar species come into contact and hybridize.[1][10] These develop as a result of secondary contact between the parent species.[1]  After a long period of geographic isolation, the cause of which may be either natural or man-made, the reoccurence of the parent species in the same environment can lead to interbreeding, hybridization, and potentially, a hybrid swarm.[1][2]  Hybrid swarms can lead to introgressive hybridization, or introgression, in which there is gene flow from the hybrid gene pool to the parental gene pool, or vice versa, occurring due to backcrossing between the populations.[2]  When introgression has occurred, there will be a high level of diversity in alleles near the vicinity of the hybrid swarm.[9]

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In either situation, it is possible for the hybrid population to overtake the parent populations.[3] In some cases, this can even occur within the span of just a few generations.[3]  If the hybrid species has the greater viability, they can simply outcompete the parent species for resources, resulting in competitive exclusion, whereas if the parent species has the greater viability, gene flow between the two populations can result in decreased genetic variation.[3]

Examples
In plants, it is possible for a hybrid swarm to form between self-pollinating and outcrossing species.[5] One such example is hybridization between the self-pollinating wood aven and the mostly outcrossing water aven in the UK.[5]  In one study of a young hybrid swarm of these two species, the population was found to be comprised of the parent species, F1 generation offspring, and backcrosses with the water aven, but no backcrosses with the wood aven and no F2 generation, which would result from self-pollinating F1s.[5]

Hybrid swarms can also form between domestic and wild species, with one study proposing that wild rice is a hybrid swarm that has genetically mixed with domesticated rice.[8]

Invasive species
Hybrid swarms can pose a significant threat to an ecosystem when they involve invasive species, as invasive hybrids are frequently able to easily outcompete native species.[4] As with other hybrid swarms, the hybrid genotypes may be more or less fit than the parent genotypes. In the event of a particular hybrid genotype having the greatest fitness, not only the native parent species, but also the exotic parent species may be outcompeted.[4] On the other hand, if there is not one dominant genotype but rather trade-offs between different hybrid genotypes, a high degree of variability will occur between the hybrids, native species, and exotic species.[4]

One example of an invasive hybrid swarm occurs among shiners in the upper Coosa River.[6] A hybrid swarm was formed between the blacktail shiner, a species native to the river, and the red shiner, an invasive species.[6]  The population has expanded its range over time, moving both downstream and upstream while the proportion of hybrid individuals in the system is increasing.[6]  In addition, the size of the hybrid swarm has experienced a great degree of flux, experiencing alternating growth and decline over time.[6]

Outline:

-Expand on the subject of invasive hybrid swarms, to include one of the research examples

-Second research example, likely involving plant species

-More information on how fitness and evolution relate to hybrid swarms

Peer Reviews: I reviewed the classical genetics and outgroup (cladistics) articles.