User:Loeraas/sandbox

My Practice On How to Use Wikipedia
Paragraph: This helps you set the style of the text. For example, a header, or plain paragraph text. You can also use it to offset block quotes.

A : Highlight your text, then click here to format it with bold, italics, etc. The "More" options allows you to underline, add code snippets, and change language keyboards.

Links: The chain button allows you to link your text. Highlight the word, and push the button. The visual editor will automatically suggest related Wikipedia articles for that word or phrase. This is a great way to connect your article to more Wikipedia content. You only have to link important words once, usually during the first time they appear. If you want to link to pages outside of Wikipedia (for an "external links" section, for example) click on the "External link" tab.

Cite: The citation tool in the visual editor helps format your citations. You can simply paste a DOI or URL, and the visual editor will try to sort out all of the fields you need. Be sure to review it, however, and apply missing fields manually (if you know them). You can also add books, journals, news, and websites manually. That opens up a quick guide for inputting your citations. Finally, you can click the "re-use" tab if you've already added a source and just want to cite it again. Insert: This tab lets you add media, images, or tables. Ω The final tab allows you to add special characters, such as those found in non-English words, scientific notation, and a handful of language extensions.←
 * Bullets: To add bullet points or a numbered list, click here.

Article Evaluation - Week 2
Wikipedia articles have different ratings based of the level of completion, strength of sources, etc.

What makes a quality article? Clear and easy to understand sections/overview. Several headings and subheadings w/ images. Neutral and balanced coverage. Reliable sources.

Additionally, check for language problems/ grammar/ no bias.

Citations: cite at least once per paragraph, but every-time you are referring to information from someone else. Recall that information on wikipedia should be from an independent source and reliable. Blogs, self-published, press, etc. are NOT good sources.

Be aware of close paraphrasing and ensure you are phrasing things in your own language.

How to add a citation: First, check the for a references section, if there is not one already there → click edit and scroll down to add references at the bottom of the page →add a template → add a references section → use the cite option (note: you can reuse an existing citation bu going to cite and then re-use.

Choosing an Article Related to the Course - Week 2
Notes on the article: Funan

Questions to keep in mind:
 * Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
 * No, specially at the beginning/overview some of the information is not necessary and/or ventures onto other topics.
 * A lot of information regarding Chinese culture specifically and not really how that relates to Funan/indianised states.
 * Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Somewhat neutral, it is partially biased to Chinese historical testimony.
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * Testimony of Chinese historians is referenced a lot without an opposing views.
 * Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
 * Yes, the links work and sources support the article. However, there is a lot of plagiarism/very close paraphrasing.
 * Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
 * Throughout the article it says "Some sources" but no sources are cited!
 * Yes, most of the sources are from publishes books or peer reviewed articles,
 * Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
 * Yes, a lot of the information as initially added in 2006.
 * Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * Conversation regarding whether Funan was a state or an empire and the archaeological evidence of the Khmer in this area.
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * The article is on SE Asia/ Chinese in Indianised states located in SE Asia specifically around the Mekong Delta.
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
 * The topic is a lot more in depth and more specific on Wikipedia. There are also 20+ sources for this one article.

Notes on Citations/Sources - Week 3
Always important to verify because reliable sources are what makes Wikipedia a good source of information.

Reliable sources include: Textbooks, literature reviews, Books, Peer-reviewed articles

Begin a bibliography when gathering sources.

To add a citation: click "edit" and place cursor at the end of the sentence you want to reference. Can re-use citations.

Adding Information to Assigned Article
In the article "Movius Line" I intend to add more information on what Hallam Movius initially proposed as the need for the line and the demonstration of separation between the early tool technologies of East Asia and West Asia.

Topic and Sources - Week 4
Assigned group topic: Post-1500 Southeast Asian Archaeology

There is currently no Wikipedia article, on the Archaeology of Southeast Asia page there is almost no post-1500 information. I will add information on the following:

What is colonialism? Overall, what motivates colonialism and the conquest? What is archaeology of colonization and how does this relate to historical archaeology? What was the goal of Europeans? (to access the spice island)

Possible sources from myself and team members:

On Singapore:

Miksic, J. N. (2004). 14th-century Singapore: A port of trade. Early Singapore 1300s–1819: Evidence in Maps, Text and Artefacts, 41-54.

Miksic, J. N. (2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800. Nus Press.

Zaini, S. A. (1997). Metal finds and metal-working at the parliament house complex, Singapore (Doctoral dissertation, MA Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor).

Polanyi, K., Arensberg, C. M., & Pearson, H. W. (1957). Trade and market in the early empires: Economies in history and theory (No. 338 (091)). Free Press,.

On Philippines and Indochina:

file:///Users/alondraloera/Downloads/The_Cambridge_History_of_SoutheastAsia.pdf

https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/regional-geography-of-the-world-globalization-people-and-places/s14-southeast-asia.html

http://science.jrank.org/pages/8755/Communication-in-Southeast-Asia-its-Influence-Postcolonial-Society.html

Drafting article/outline - Week 5
Sections and division of work with team members:

Intro: All

What is colonialism? Overall, what motivates colonialism and the conquest? What is archaeology

of colonization and how does this relate to historical archaeology?

What was the goal of Europeans? (to access the spice island)

Silk Route and Spice trade - Shannon ?

Philippines and Spanish - Liron

Singapore and English-Pouya

Indonesia and the Dutch - Alondra

Archaeologists and their research on post-1500 SE Asia -?

Spread of religion through colonization/connection to archaeology - Eunice

Vietnam and  -

Taiwan and  -

Conclusion: All - Summary Make sure to address all of this for your section, but do not explain what like archaeology of colonization is, since that will be included in the Intro.
 * the overall theme of our presentation and paper should be discussing European conquest in 16th century Southeast Asia and the archaeological work done in order to best understand this. (He said there isn’t a lot of work but use the sources provided in the essay he gave us to help)
 * We should discuss capitalism, trade  ( do not discuss language and integration of it, he said this is not relevant)
 * Main goal of paper: Southeast Asia in the 1600 century and how contact with European groups shaped Southeast Asia

Notes on What a Sandbox is - Week 5
Sandbox is a good place to brains storm ideas: copy information from existing article on to your sandbox and edit/make changes on there.

To edit an article: If drafting a new article (What my group will likely be doing):
 * 1) Open your sandbox in Edit mode.
 * 2) Select the portion you want to move into the live article in mainspace.
 * 3) Open the original article in Edit mode and add your content into the article.
 * 4) Add an edit summary that says it copied from your sandbox, and save it. (Include a link to your sandbox, like , in the edit summary.)
 * 5) Repeat this process for any other parts of the article you worked on.
 * 6) Copy-edit the article to ensure that your additions mesh well with the older content

To move article from Sandbox:
 * 1) Do a search of Wikipedia to make sure that there's no article on Wikipedia covering the topic you've worked on. (It's possible, though uncommon, for someone else to create an article with the same name while you were drafting yours.) If there is an existing article, follow the steps in the earlier slides to merge your content into the article.
 * 2) Go to your sandbox (the "Sandbox" link in the upper right corner, by your username).
 * 3) On the sandbox page where your article is, look to the right. To the left of your search bar is a tab called "More." Click it, and then click "Move."

Draft of Article: Post-1500 Archaeology of Southeast Asia
Religion of Southeast Asia after 1500s - Eunice

With the expansion of trade among West Asia, India, and southeast Asia, traders brought Islam to the regions. Through trade and military expansion, various religions and and cultural ideas were spread. Not only Islam, but Hindu, Christianity and Buddhism religion and Indian influences were also carried over through trading routes into Central Asia, Tibet, Japan, and Southeast Asian between 200 BCE and 1500 CE. However, Islam expanded by “land and seas into Southeast Asia”. (Lockard 376)

In Southeast Asia, during the period of 1500-1650, the process of Islamization along with Christianization occurred. With Islam being accepted in the 15th century, the conversion of Islam lead the regions of SE Asia to also influence ruling and trading classes (stated originally in wiki article section). Islam became a strong influence and conversion in Southeast Asia, balancing multiple sources that made up the foundation of muslim rule (seasite). In the early influence and conversion of Islam in the year 1500, Islamic influence became present in the coastal ports of Sumatra, Java, and Malaysia, specifically for areas of encounters with international traders. In year 1590, Islamic influence and conversion appeared in writing, for both Malay and Javanese scripture. This conversion in scripture lead to strong muslim rule as well as Muslim scholars to promote Islamic beliefs over trade and through region (seasite). In the period of years 1550-1650, both Muslim and Christian influence rapidly became part of Southeast Asia. This rapid spread came through: rapid commercialization from increased global trade in travel, provided the foundation of indigenous beliefs and the attraction of new ritual practices; Southeast Asian peoples contact with Muslim traders traveling from India and Arabia and the spread of Christianity from Spanish missionaries; influence of the Crusades, leading to the conversion of Islam in certain Southeast Asian regions, such as Indonesia; the introduction of Sufism, with the use of spiritual leader being a significant for the spread of Islam into the region; and the use of Holy books, successful for both religions of Islam and Christianity in regions of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, with the words and doctrine written down in these books impacting religious traditions and foreign influence in Southeast Asia.

With the spread of both religions, also came the influence of Hindu belief. In the 1570s, Mughal emperor, Akbar (grandson of founder of Mughal dynasty in India), strengthened the foundation for Hindu subjects, bringing Hindu and Islam from Central Asia. He allowed more multiple (all) religions, including Christians, Jains, and Zoroastrians. From the power of maritime kingdoms, also lead to multicultural engagements and global networking to erect Muslim powers in unified empires.

[^^^last paragraph may be irrelevant since spreading to Central Asia, however connects to original article stating the significance of maritime kingdoms in SE Asia - still need to find a credible source regarding SE Asia spread of other religion(s) to replace]

Sources: By Craig A. Lockard By John Coatsworth and Juan Cole
 * Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume 1: To 1500
 * http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/russell/islam.htm
 * Global Connections: Volume 2, Since 1500: Politics, Exchange, anyone d Social Life in World History

Effects of Singapore Post-Colonial Pouya

Insular Southeast Asia is known as one of the most beautiful regions on earth today. When people immerse themselves into the various cultures that are apart of Southeast Asia, they find that influences from colonialism have shaped the native people’s perspectives and ways of life. For example, Singapore has been colonized by British influence, and has resulted in adaptation to their culture. Through this adaptation, colonization from Britain has allowed the native people of Singapore to develop interest in finding their roots through archaeological excavations. Archaeology in Singapore is relatively new, with excavations beginning in the 20th century. The findings, however, have dated back to ancient China.

Taking it back to the beginning of colonization, Stamford Raffles of Britain colonized Singapore in 1819. He identified the island as a choice for a new port, and began negotiations with the ruler of the land at the time, the Sultan of Johor. Upon agreement, a treaty was signed and modern Singapore was born. Not until 1824 did the entire region of Singapore land in Britain’s possession. In 1826, Singapore was included in the Straits Settlements, which were a larger collection of Southeast Asian countries that were made British colonies. Before Raffles’ discovery of Singapore, the population consisted of about one thousand indigenous Malay people and a considerable amount of Chinese. Trade and export became a huge part of Singapore, and through this was once considered the main place for trading and exporting by the British. The people of Singapore had then acclimated the surrounding culture, allowing them to adopt British mannerisms and ideologies which are still valid in modern Singapore. World War II prompted a change in ruling for Singapore. The Japanese army aimed to take over and through battle won the territory. Originally, the British had planned to liberate Singapore in 1945, but the conquering from Japan had changed those plans. The Japanese eventually surrendered, and Singapore was now under rule by the British, Indian, and Australian forces. The post-war period was a bit tumultuous, with violence and chaos erupting from within. The failure of Britain to successfully defend Singapore had destroyed their credibility and trust. After a decline in order of the country, the infrastructure and economy started to steadily rise with the rising demand of tin and rubber from other regions.

Interest in Singaporean Archaeology had not risen until 1984, but there was a long history of findings by Raffles himself upon first contact with the land. He discovered abundant remains of ancient settlement, with ruins of buildings made from brick, Chinese antiques and remains dating back to the ninth century. What these findings confirmed was the following of ancient Malay tradition and culture. Due to lack of interest, this was not pursued or investigated further, even after the discovery of stone tools in the 1890s and ancient jewelry in 1920s. 1984 was the year when the National Museum of Singapore was interested and received a grant from a Dutch petroleum company to begin a ten-day excavation. The site of interest was Fort Canning, Singapore, where an artillery fort had been built in 1858. The hill also was the site of an ancient palace which existed when Britain landed there in 1819. The most common items found within this excavation were ancient Chinese porcelain pottery and stoneware from the Yuan Dynasty. Evidence of ancient Singapore economy and trading had been found when bronze Chinese coins were discovered, the main form of trade during pre-colonial times. These bronze coins served as a wider piece of evidence for the growth of metals in Southeast Asia, proving the heavy use of iron, copper, and gold, especially in Fort Canning. Items used in daily life were found as well, among the most popular were Chinese cast iron pans, commonly known as woks. Copper used in Singapore was found to be exported from another Southeast Asian country, most likely Sumatra. Pottery was found to be one of the biggest forms of art in ancient Singapore. It was admired so much that pieces of pottery were included in burials of the people living in Singapore.

Sources:

Miksic, J. N. (2004). 14th-century Singapore: A port of trade. Early Singapore 1300s–1819: Evidence in Maps, Text and Artefacts, 41-54.

Miksic, J. N. (2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800. Nus Press.

Zaini, S. A. (1997). Metal finds and metal-working at the parliament house complex, Singapore (Doctoral dissertation, MA Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor).

Polanyi, K., Arensberg, C. M., & Pearson, H. W. (1957). Trade and market in the early empires: Economies in history and theory (No. 338 (091)). Free Press,.

=================================

Start of Shannon Khodadad

The source of many material distributions in Southeast Asia was a result of the Silk Road era; it consisted of historical sea and land trade routes across Afro-Eurasian that connects East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean and the European world. . It also included North and East Africa. The Silk Road consisted of trade routes that were expanding overtime due to different colonies’ desires for specific items

The 15th to 17th was a time known as the “age of discovery” in Southeast Asia because of the recognition and demand of SE Asia’s natural resources from European powers. In SE Asia, spices were useful and popular for creating flavor in food .Spices were in high demand and were imported and exported through The Silk Road; it flourished during the colonization period. It included black pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, nutmeg, and cloves, nutmeg, etc. Nutmeg was the most popular and most expensive to get because of how scarce it was.

The European colonization of Southeast Asia began in the 16th century by the influence of when the Dutch and Portuguese were colonizing SE Asia for their spices. Throughout the 17th and 18th century, the British and Dutch began to colonize Southeast Asia. The Dutch arrived in Batavia and established Dutch East Indies. The British established themselves in the Strait Settlements, British Malaya, Borneo, and Burma. In the 19th century, the French established French Indochina. All of Southeast Asia was colonized, except Thailand. In the 19th century, during the Industrial Revolution, European powers also colonized Southeast Asia by selling their excess machinery items to SE Asia

Not only spices, but also ceramics, stoneware, and porcelain were popular items used for trading in Southeast Asia. Mainland Southeast Asia is distinguished by the ongoing complementary coexistence of two major ceramic traditions-earthenware and stoneware. Earthenware has been produced in the region for more than eight thousand years. Stoneware production has continued for two thousand years. These two basic types of clay bodies have been used for processing, amending, and forming of the clay body; the use of resins, pigments, slips, and glazes; and the development of firing procedures and kilns.

I am still editing my part….

Sources:

http://www.academia.edu/14394778/2014_Jade_in_Southeast_Asia

https://archnet.org/sites/3069/media_contents/40349

https://seasianceramics.asia.si.edu/materials/index.asp

https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/52-3/waugh.pdf

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/notes/history-notes/neolithic-period-life-culture-and-tools-of-neolithic-people-of-asia/41950

=
============= end of shannon

Geography, Languages, and the start of Civilization – Alondra S. Loera

Trade and the beginning of modern civilization:

Focus on political geography and trade

Southeast Asia is extensive in diversity, from its cultural geography to its borders that lay the foundation to its physical geography. In the wake of the end of early Southeast Asia, the countries faced the sedimentation of states and were propelled towards civilization. This formation began through Southeast Asian contact with foreign groups and the adaptation and integration of such culture into the demographics and geography of Southeast Asia.

From 1500 to 1800 Southeast Asia bore witness to the inclusion of large groups of Chinese. Despite the Ming emperors ending all oversea trade until 1567, many southeastern provinces such as Fujian, Guandong, and Zhejiang continues trade and established settlements in the “Nanyang” (known at the Southern Sea). Chinese were found predominantly in areas such as the Philippines and Indonesia. Travel increased after the oversea ban was removed by the Manchu Qing dynasty and Chinese began to establish sugar plants in the interior of Java (Tarling 1999). Chinese also too control of Vietnam, changing the political geography of the country. However, the French dominion of this land began in 1858 until 1945, and during this time the official language became “lingua franca”. Their rule in Vietnam ended when the Japanese entered and replaced it in 1940, this however also promptly ended after World War II. After the Japanese defeat the French desired to reinstate their power, but were met with resistance and defeated in 1954. However, Vietnam did not become an independent country until after 1975, and even then the country remained a melting pot of Chinese, Japanese, and French, with traces of their culture and language.

As seen by the French overtake in Vietnam, Europeans also increased their presence in Southeast Asia between 1500 and 1800. Portuguese and Spanish royal houses undertook the job of finding a direct route between Europe and spice-producing Asia, and in this also the migration into these countries. The Portuguese used trade routes to establish economic centers, one such being Melaka, Indonesia (overtaken by the Portuguese in 1511) the breeding ground for cloves, nutmeg, and spices (Tarling 1999). Spaniards also colonized the Philippines but found minimal profit in the Philippines. The most profitable city was Legazpi, Albay, and due to the poor economic conditions of the locals, the lack of cold or spices, the Spaniards realized the area could not be sustained through trade. They did however, establish the city of Manila as a major port and eventually the capital. Manila became a frequent port between insular Southeast Asian

and China. Spaniards remained in the Philippines until 1898, with Spain’s defeat in the Spanish-American War. However, Spanish influence in the Philippines is still evident due to the change in native names and the institutionalization of Spanish language and religion.

The English, specifically the Dutch also used trade to change the political geography of Indonesia. The first Dutch fleet arrived in Indonesia in 1596 and in 1619 they seized Jakarta (the Capital of Indonesia) and established the city of Batavia. Batavia was used as a center for trae and a place to capitalize on the market.

The political geography of Southeast Asia changed rapidly post-1500 due to the increase of trade and currency, different contact with the outside world and foreigners led to the exploitation of land and native locals. The culture and language of these areas were also affected by the presence of outside countries, but the Austronesian language remained prevalent.

Still need to add more on change of geography and expansion of language….

Sources:

file:///Users/alondraloera/Downloads/The_Cambridge_History_of_SoutheastAsia.pdf

https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/regional-geography-of-the-world-globalization-people-and-places/s14-southeast-asia.html

http://science.jrank.org/pages/8755/Communication-in-Southeast-Asia-its-Influence-Postcolonial-Society.html

___________________________________________________________ end of Alondra Loera

Liron Cohen

Philippines after 1500

Subsequently after the spread of Islam reached the Philippines, in 1521, the first Spaniards began arriving to expand their colonial control. An expedition lead by Ferdinand Magellan was the headwind of the Spanish conquest of the Philippine islands, followed by expeditions headed by Lopez de Villalobos, who in 1542, named the islands after king Philip. Archeological evidence in the form of the wreckage of the San Diego ship, and the artifacts left behind suggest that the Spaniards arriving in the Philippines were there for conquest. San Diego’s Astrolabe was a part of the San Diego’s shipwreck, found along with many other artifacts including cannons and guns off the coast of Nasugbu, dates back to December 14, 1600. The heavy load of artillery brought over by the Spanish correlates strongly with the time of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

In 1564 the first moves towards colonizing were taken by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi; the Philippines, never knowing a centralized government were easily taken over one island at a time. The Spanish city of Manila was established in the Philippines in 1571, effectively establishing Spanish roots in the Philippines. The Spanish colonizers began cutting out all threats to their grip on power, starting with the increasing Chinese population in 1603, massacring thousands of Chinese people. Archeological evidence of the presence of the Chinese in the Philippines was present in the form of the Oton Death Mask. The death mask, dated between the 14th and the 15th century A.D. was discovered by Alfredo Evangelista and F. Landa Jocan in the city of San Antonio, Oton. This archeological find suggests that the Southern Chinese traders brought this practice over to the Philippines. This mask was used to protect the dead from evil spirits. Another piece of archeological evidence that suggests Chinese presence in the Philippines is the Flying Elephant of Leona Shoal. The Flying Elephant was a blue and white china dish dating to the 15th century A.D. from the Ming Dynasty in China. Not only was their cultural diffusion between the Chinese and Philippines, through diffusion of religious practices, but also material culture.

The first Philippine revolution, in 1896, was due to differing religious views, mistreatment of the indigenous people, and the economic system that colonization usually imposes on the colonized people. In 1898, what seemed to be a turning point for the Philippine population, via the conclusion of a proxy war funded by the United States, against Spain lead to disappointment. Following the Spanish-American war, in 1898, control over the Philippines was handed over to the United States, which led to another revolution in the Philippines. The revolution against the United States was eventually put down in 1901, which lead to the reliance of American goods by the Philippines.

Between 1913 and 1932 political efforts in the United States were made in favor of an independent Philippines. In 1932, the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act was passed by congress, this act established a sovereign and democratic Commonwealth in the Philippines, which went into effect in 1945. The formation of the Philippine Commonwealth resulted in the election of their first president, Quezon in 1935.

In 1941 WWII hit the Philippines with the Japanese invasion, which ultimately resulted in the Philippine-US forces being defeated in 1942. In 1943 Japan attempted to setup a puppet government of the Philippine Republic, headed by Jose P. Laurel, but it eventually failed due to the lack of favor by the Philippine people. In 1944 the former Vice President, and current president at the time Sergio Osmena, headed to the Philippines to recapture it with the aid of United States forces, recapturing the country by 1945. Many Japanese artifacts are still being found until this day in the Philippines, including five Japanese warships from the battle of Surigao Strait in 1944.

The reconstruction of the Philippines after WWII was a mammoth task, not only because of the devastating effects of the war on the land, but the remaining internal opposition to the new political regime. Efforts were taken to control the Communist lead terrorists in Luzon in 1954, expand settlements outside of Luzon, and to implement economic changes to the post colonialist economic system in place. In 1957, after the death of President Ramon Magsaysay, Vice President Carlos P. Garcia was appointed to be the new president.After many political battles, the Philippines is still a politically unstable region. With the constant political upheavals and foreign invasions, colonization, and wars, the Philippines continues to be an archaeological treasure-trove, and an example of what artifacts and practices are transferred from country to country.

Sources:

Borlaza, Gregorio C., and Carolina G. Hernandez. “Philippines.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 23 Feb. 2018, www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The-Spanish-period.

Kyodo, Staff Report. “Wrecks of Japanese and U.S. Warships - Including First American Vessel to Fire                  Shot in WWII - Found off Philippines.” The Japan Times, 8 Dec. 2017, www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/08/national/history/wrecks-believed-5-japanese-wartime-ships-found-southern-philippines/#.WpSDcIJG2b8.

Fish, 5. (2011). The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Paciﬁc: with an Annotated List of the Transpaciﬁc Galleons, 1565-1815. 1st ed. AuthorHouse.

National Museum Collections, (2014). National Cultural Treasures of Philippine Archaeology. (online) Available at: http://goo.gl/6avlj8

Post - 1500 Southeast Asia Archaeology

Introduction

Southeast Asia is extensive in diversity, from its cultural geography to its borders that lay the foundation to its physical geography and cultural diversity. In the wake of the end of early Southeast Asia, the countries faced the sedimentation of states and were propelled towards modern day civilization. This formation began through Southeast Asian contact with foreign groups and the adaptation and integration of such culture into the demographics and geography of Southeast Asia. Post-1500 Southeast Asia Archaeology, is often referred to as the archaeology of colonization as it focuses on the period of European colonization in Southeast Asia post-1500’s. Archeology of colonization thus often focuses on trade ports and colonial and indigenous communities and the study of historic and cultural patterns.

However, there is a severe lack of archaeological research or anthropological support that has been conducted to better understand the effect of European powers in Southeast Asia. In the following paper we provide a brief overview of European colonization in Southeast Asian countries, specifically by the  Spanish in Philippines, English in Singapore, Dutch in Indonesia, British in Brunei, and French/British in Vietnam. All of which began and expanded through the silk route and spice trade. We also discuss the limited archaeological work that has been conducted in these areas and the insight this provides into the culture, geography, and social and political systems of these countries beginning in the 16th century.

The Silk Road trade expanded European colonization of SE Asia

The source of many material distributions in Southeast Asia was a result of the Silk Road era; it consisted of historical sea and land trade routes across Afro-Eurasian that connects East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean and the European world. . It also included North and East Africa. The Silk Road consisted of trade routes that were expanding overtime due to different colonies’ desires for specific items.

The 15th to 17th was a time known as the “age of discovery” in Southeast Asia because of the recognition and demand of SE Asia’s natural resources from European powers. In SE Asia, spices were useful and popular for creating flavor in food .Spices were in high demand and were imported and exported through The Silk Road; it flourished during the colonization period. It included black pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, nutmeg, and cloves, nutmeg, etc. Nutmeg was the most popular and most expensive to get because of how scarce it was.

The European colonization of Southeast Asia began in the 16th century by the influence of when the Dutch and Portuguese were colonizing SE Asia for their spices. Throughout the 17th and 18th century, the British and Dutch began to colonize Southeast Asia. The Dutch arrived in Batavia and established Dutch East Indies. The British established themselves in the Strait Settlements, British Malaya, Borneo, and Burma. In the 19th century, the French established French Indochina. All of Southeast Asia was colonized, except Thailand. In the 19th century, during the Industrial Revolution, European powers also colonized Southeast Asia by selling their excess machinery items to SE Asia.

Not only spices, but also ceramics, stoneware, and porcelain were popular items used for trading in Southeast Asia. Mainland Southeast Asia is distinguished by the ongoing complementary coexistence of two major ceramic traditions-earthenware and stoneware. Earthenware has been produced in the region for more than eight thousand years. Stoneware production has continued for two thousand years. These two basic types of clay bodies have been used for processing, amending, and forming of the clay body; the use of resins, pigments, slips, and glazes; and the development of firing procedures and kilns.

Post-1500 Indonesia: Dutch Colonization and Archaeology

The Dutch used trade to change the political and physical geography of Indonesia. The first Dutch fleet arrived in Indonesia in 1596 and in 1619 they seized Jakarta (the Capital of Indonesia) and established the city of Batavia. Forts were established to ensure they maintained power and control, some of the most historic forts can be found in the Banda Islands, also known as the spice islands. A well-known fort is Fort Nassua, in the Banda Islands. It was built by the Dutch in 1609, it was the center for the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), "United East India Company", which was the primary trading company of the Dutch. Similarly to Batavia the Banda Islands were used as a center for trade and a place to capitalize on the spice market. In the 16th century the Banda Islands were the only known source of nutmeg, consequently making them a major site for power in the world of trade.

The Dutch forts, Fort Diamond and Fort Speelwick in Banten, Java were studied and analyzed to shed light on the interaction between Bantanese elite and the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Archaeological evidence, such as utensils and vessels that were used to prepare and serve meals show that there was a sort of “reverse” colonialism were indigenous Bantanese culture had a greater influence on the Dutch, than vice versa.

Another site of archaeological work can be found in the Banda Islands. The Banda Islands, specifically an area known as Groot Walling, was studied to find whether nutmeg plantations were used as a signal of social identity. The study thus focused on material culture to see if inhabitants reacted to shifts in social and political control and the different trade distributions of goods. Findings, such as a combination of ceramic, funal remains, and starch grins were analyzed, there was evidence of both European and Chinese tradeware but European, specifically English and Dutch tradeware dominates. Findings thus suggest that indigenous inhabitants may have adopted symbols of elite power through trading. Another study, conducted by archaeologists, Carlson and Jordan, also studied Groot Walling and the culture of the plantation in the 16th century. They tested the hypothesis that the plantation was used to produce inequality and as a way for inhabitants to patrol and surveil each other. They studied the design of the plantation compound; their findings eventually refuted their hypothesis and instead suggested a different form of surveillance. A system, unlike those in the Caribbean islands which adhere to strong social control.

Post-1500 Philippines: Spanish Colonization and Archaeology

An expedition lead by Ferdinand Magellan was the headwind of the Spanish conquest of the Philippine islands, followed by expeditions headed by Lopez de Villalobos, who in 1542, named the islands after King Philip. Archeological evidence in the form of the wreckage of the San Diego ship, and the artifacts left behind suggest that the Spaniards arriving in the Philippines were there for conquest. San Diego’s Astrolabe was a part of the San Diego’s shipwreck, found along with many other artifacts including cannons and guns off the coast of Nasugbu, dates back to December 14, 1600. The heavy load of artillery brought over by the Spanish correlates strongly with the time of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

In 1564 the first moves towards colonizing were taken by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi; the Philippines, never knowing a centralized government were easily taken over one island at a time. The Spanish city of Manila was established in the Philippines in 1571, effectively establishing Spanish roots in the Philippines. The Spanish colonizers began cutting out all threats to their grip on power, starting with the increasing Chinese population in 1603, massacring thousands of Chinese people.

Archeological evidence of the presence of the Chinese in the Philippines was present in the form of the Oton Death Mask. The death mask, dated between the 14th and the 15th century A.D., was discovered by Alfredo Evangelista and F. Landa Jocan in the city of San Antonio, Oton. This archeological find suggests that the Southern Chinese traders brought this practice over to the Philippines. This mask was used to protect the dead from evil spirits. Another piece of archeological evidence that suggests Chinese presence in the Philippines is the Flying Elephant of Leona Shoal. The Flying Elephant was a blue and white china dish dating to the 15th century A.D. from the Ming Dynasty in China. Not only was their cultural diffusion between the Chinese and Philippines, through diffusion of religious practices, but also material culture.

In 1941, WWII hit the Philippines with the Japanese invasion, which ultimately resulted in the Philippine-US forces being defeated in 1942. Many Japanese artifacts are still being found until this day in the Philippines, including five Japanese warships from the battle of Surigao Strait in 1944.

Post-1500 Singapore: British Colonization and Archaeology

Insular Southeast Asia is known as one of the most beautiful regions on earth today. When people immerse themselves into the various cultures that are apart of Southeast Asia, they find that influences from colonialism have shaped the native people’s perspectives and ways of life. For example, Singapore has been colonized by British influence, and has resulted in adaptation to their culture. Through this adaptation, colonization from Britain has allowed the native people of Singapore to develop interest in finding their roots through archaeological excavations. Archaeology in Singapore is relatively new, with excavations beginning in the 20th century. The findings, however, have dated back to ancient China.

Taking it back to the beginning of colonization, Stamford Raffles of Britain colonized Singapore in 1819. He identified the island as a choice for a new port, and began negotiations with the ruler of the land at the time, the Sultan of Johor. Upon agreement, a treaty was signed and modern Singapore was born. Not until 1824 did the entire region of Singapore land in Britain’s possession. In 1826, Singapore was included in the Straits Settlements, which were a larger collection of Southeast Asian countries that were made British colonies. Trade and export became a huge part of Singapore, and through this was once considered the main place for trading and exporting by the British. The people of Singapore had then acclimated the surrounding culture, allowing them to adopt British mannerisms and ideologies which are still valid in modern Singapore. World War II prompted a change in ruling for Singapore. The failure of Britain to successfully defend Singapore had destroyed their credibility and trust. After a decline in order of the country, the infrastructure and economy started to steadily rise with the rising demand of tin and rubber from other regions.

Interest in Singaporean Archaeology had not risen until 1984, but there was a long history of findings by Raffles himself upon first contact with the land. He discovered abundant remains of ancient settlement, with ruins of buildings made from brick, Chinese antiques and remains dating back to the ninth century. What these findings confirmed was the following of ancient Malay tradition and culture. Due to lack of interest, this was not pursued or investigated further, even after the discovery of stone tools in the 1890s and ancient jewelry in 1920s. 1984 was the year when the National Museum of Singapore was interested and received a grant from a Dutch petroleum company to begin a ten-day excavation. The site of interest was Fort Canning, Singapore, where an artillery fort had been built in 1858. The hill also was the site of an ancient palace which existed when Britain landed there in 1819. The most common items found within this excavation were ancient Chinese porcelain pottery and stoneware from the Yuan Dynasty. Evidence of ancient Singapore economy and trading had been found when bronze Chinese coins were discovered, the main form of trade during pre-colonial times. These bronze coins served as a wider piece of evidence for the growth of metals in Southeast Asia, proving the heavy use of iron, copper, and gold, especially in Fort Canning. Items used in daily life were found as well, among the most popular were Chinese cast iron pans, commonly known as woks. Copper used in Singapore was found to be exported from another Southeast Asian country, most likely Sumatra. Pottery was found to be one of the biggest forms of art in ancient Singapore. It was admired so much that pieces of pottery were included in burials of the people living in Singapore.

Post - 1500 Vietnam: French and British Colonization and Archaeology

As the French had taken over Vietnam, it was essential for them to bring new traditions and cultures in which archaeologist are now able identify and conclude reasons as to why the French did so. Alongside a new world for Vietnam, it was a change that many had to adjust to; as this was their new home. Recent findings allowed archeologist to conclude that the main exports were “tobacco, indigo, tea and coffee”. These are just some of the new changes that the people were beginning to see during this time. The French had influenced those living in Vietnam, which essentially became referred to as the “French Indochina”. This was a combination of 3 Vietnamese regions (North, Centre and South).

As archaeologists continued to study and find evidence of the colonization of the Vietnamese, it was very clear within their architecture. In the city of Hanoi, “enclaves of colonial architecture are still very visible. The French settlers wanted to turn this city into the capital of their Asian Empire, and made many grand constructions in pursuit of this”. The main goals for a lot of these architectures were to essentially forget that one was living in Vietnam as though it was not a very settling and calming place. Instead, they were motivated to execute the idea of originality and culture of the country they were in, and intertwine what they believed to be the superior culture. Another example, which was found, was that of the Hanoi Opera house. Within this structure, it had a heavy focus on “European balconies and pillars” alongside French style cafes and cinemas. Aside from these influences that the French had on Vietnam there were influences on religion that took place after the 16th century.

The British in the 16th century wanted to open Vietnam up for trade. However the ruler at the time was against foreign ideas. The authors Jennifer Llewellyn, Jim Southey, and Steven Thompson (2014) found that the Vietnamese rulers wanted to abolish Catholicism and bring back Confucian ideology. Eventually the trade deals were accepted from the French, and around the 1750’s Pope Clement XII wanted Vietnam to be split up into two spheres. The first being the Portuguese missionaries and the second being French missionaries.

Post - 1500 Brunei: British Colonization and Archaeology

Brunei, a state located on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia, first established itself as significant and powerful territory but declined from contact with the British government in Borneo’s expansion of trade in the Southeast Asian area. From severed relationships from alleged piratical acts with the Spanish, Borneo suffered leading to Early European intrusions in trading ports. By the end of the 17th century, Borneo’s own decline lead to Brunei’s own deterioration over control of neighboring territories.

When Brunei was made a conquest for an expedition by the Portuguese, the island was found to be linked into Southeast Asia and China’s trading network. Brunei developed a strong commercial and political relationship with the other Southeast Asian states. This relationship soon severed and Brunei’s political and commercial power began to decline from the result of British ports in Southeast Asia. These ports allowed for goods to be imported and exported from local traders at a cheaper price compared to Malay ports. Evidence of the relationship with India, China, and the Spanish was found in archaeological history in the 18th century on the island of Labuan as settlement for the East India company. In 1775, the company was driven away by piracy and the E.I.C gained exclusive rights to trade in pepper in return for protection. However, trade policies were threatened with the Portuguese in spice islands, Spanish in the Philippines, and the Dutch in the South. Direct trade suffered and pepper territories became expired. By the 18th century, Brunei sultans had minimal control over trade districts, leading to more piracy and oppression towards pepper traders and planters.

In mid-19th century, British addressed Brunei on the suppression of piracy and decreased the extension and promotion of trade. In year 1847, a treaty was reached between Great Britain and Brunei to allow for mutual suppression of piracy and commercial relations. During the 1980s, the Sultan had made multiple treaties with the British consul which eventually lead to the British forming the British North Borneo Company. Brunei began to dwindle from these treaties, but sociocultural changes appeared in the 20th century when a coal mining lease in 1882 was granted in Muara, Brunei and oil was discovered in 1926. Archaeological evidence of a variety of copper, antimony ores, gold and plumbago were found in these locations. Brunei improved as a state when revenues acquired from years of coal and oil mining. Discovery of oil lead to economic freedom, demographic changes, infrastructure, and educational opportunities. Centuries of trade oppression with the British weakened Brunei as a state, eventually leading to limited findings of data and material culture of the Brunei community and archaeological work today.

References:[edit]

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