User:Loivipkhiban/sandbox

= Space Advertising = Space advertising is the use of advertising in outer space or related to space flight. While there have only been a few examples of successful marketing campaigns, there have been several proposals to advertise in space, some even planning to launch giant billboards visible from the Earth. Obtrusive space advertising is the term used for such ventures.

Advertising in space has faced criticisms for contributing to the existing problem of space debris and "polluting" the view of space as seen from the ground. It is regulated by several international and national legislation, though as technology improves further regulation will likely be required to cover new forms of space advertising. While space advertising is limited by both contemporary regulation and technological capability, in popular culture, space advertising has taken a variety of forms and displays.

add: Types of Space Advertising :


 * Obtrusive Space Advertising is a people can recognize the advertising without using any supporting device such as telescopes


 * Non-obtrusive Space Advertising is opposite to the obtrusive one such as logos on space suites, satellites, rockets, etc.

Z.O’Brien “Advertising in Space: Sales at the Outer Limits” Commercial Space Exploration: Ethics, Policy and Governance, Ch.8, p91-106, Sep.2015  [Online] Available: https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=EL61CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93&dq=obtrusive+space+advertising&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&redir_esc=y&sourceid=cndr#v=onepage&q=obtrusive%20space%20advertising&f=false 

G. Daines “ NASA Regulations for Advertising Requests” NASA, Jun,2019 [Online] Available: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/features/Advertising_Guidelines.html

https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=fcl fkjsfj

Regulation
Space advertising is regulated by different jurisdictions.


 * UN treaties
 * Outer Space Treaty (1966) sets principles of international space law. It determines that all States should have the right to freely explore the outer space.[33] This treaty provides free access to space so space advertising is not subject to global prohibition.[34Space
 * Liability Convention (1972) rules that a State is fully liable for damages caused by space objects launched in its territory. Under this treaty, States are responsible for private launches for commercial purposes, including advertising.[35]


 * The United States
 * Public Law 106–391 banned all obtrusive space advertising.51 U.S. Code 50911 regulates that no license will be issued and no launch will be permitted for activities that involve obtrusive space advertising. This prohibition does not apply to other forms of advertising, such as displaying logos. The display of logos is allowed in both launches with commercial licenses and launches with experiment permits. (reference?)
 * add the original page
 * NASA
 * NASA will not promote or endorse or appear to promote or endorse a commercial product, service or activity. (reference?)
 * Other Nations
 * There is no legislation on space advertising. The issue of space advertising will be discussed on a case-by-case basis.

Successful attempts
The following are successful attempts at space advertising that have achieved their goals to some extent:

(add detail) The Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) paid approximately $11 million to the Russian space agency for the flight of journalist Toyohiro Akiyama to the Russian space station Mir. The launch vehicle displayed the Tokyo Broadcasting System logo.

(add detail) Israeli milk company Tnuva filmed a commercial for their product on former Russian space station Mir. This commercial aired in August 1997 and currently holds the Guinness World Record for both the first advertisement shot in space.

(add detail)) In 2000 Pizza Hut paid approximately $1 million to have the company logo on a Proton rocket launched to the International Space Station by Russia. In 2001 Pizza Hut delivered a 6-inch salami pizza to the International Space Station

Toshiba Space Chair Project (2009) - Toshiba used helium balloons to bring four empty chairs to the edge of space and filmed a TV commercial for their Regza HD TVs.

Lowe’s & Made In Space 3D Printer (2016) - Sent a 3D printer to the International Space Station

KFC (2017) - Launched the Zinger-1 mission, sending a KFC Zinger Sandwich to the edge of space. Was used as a test flight for World View Enterprises, Stratollite high-altitude balloons.

Failed attempts
The following are attempts at space advertising that have failed, either in the concept design stage or while attempting to reach orbit:

add:


 * In 2019, the Russian branch of PepsiCo inc., the soft drink company that produces Pepsi, partnered with Russian startup StartRocket for the attempted creation of an orbital billboard. There was a successful exploratory test of orbital advertisements, however this attempt was ultimately stopped when the plan was denied by PepsiCo’s U.S. Branch
 * (add detail) This project was intended as a tribute to the 100th anniversary of the building of the Eiffel Tower. Involved the launch of a ring of 100 reflectors that would link together, reflecting the sun’s light to become visible for about 10 minutes out of every 90-minute orbital period. Ultimately called off due to concern that it could interfere with space-related scientific research and widespread criticism.
 * (add detail+ fix link) Proposed launching a billboard into space. Was ultimately blocked by House of Representatives members passing legislation to prevent the issue of launch licenses for the purpose of putting advertisements in space.
 * PepsiCo Billboard (2019) - The Russian branch of PepsiCo inc. partnered with Russian startup StartRocket for the attempted creation of an orbital billboard. There was a successful exploratory test of orbital advertisements, however this attempt was ultimately stopped when the plan was denied by PepsiCo’s U.S. Branch.

'''This Russian startup wants to put huge ads in space. Not everyone is on board with the idea.'''

https://www.space.com/pepsi-drops-orbital-billboard-plans.html

https://futurism.com/pepsi-orbital-billboard-night-sky

https://www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/features/Advertising_Guidelines.html

https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=fclj

https://slate.com/technology/2017/12/ispace-wants-to-advertise-on-the-moon-is-that-legal.html

https://martinwilson.me/advertising-in-outer-space/

Regulation
One of the challenges of obtrusive space advertising is the difference in marketing regulations across different countries. Because obtrusive space advertisements orbit the earth, they are seen in the sky in multiple different countries. In the EU, advertisers are banned from running tobacco related advertisements. In Ireland, advertisements that undermine public authority are also outlawed. (Bunreacht na hÉireann, 1937, Art. 40.6.1). Countries like the United States on the other hand prioritize freedom of commercial speech. These differences in advertising regulations make it harder for obtrusive space advertisements to remain legal across multiple jurisdictions.(reference?)

In the United States, consumers have the right to deny the receipt of advertisement. It is not clear whether or not consumers can effectively opt out of receiving space advertisements. Consumers might have to close their blinds, doors, or not look into the sky to not view space advertisements.(reference?)

Infringements on property rights also create a challenge for space advertisers. Since most space advertisements will be bright, it might create nuisance for property owners. Bright objects in the sky might interfere with sleep cycles for some property owners.(reference?)

Astronomical Observations
Astronomy is very sensitive to bright light sources in the sky. The international astronomical organization argues that artificial satellites built out of reflective material adverslely impact their observations. Space objects are deemed to be much brighter and larger than artificial satellites that are used for communication purposes. Obtrusive space advertisements that are comparable to the brightness of the moon have the potential to make the observation of faint distant objects impossible from the surface of the earth.

Space Debris
Anything that is launched into orbit generally remains in orbit. Space objects that have surpassed their functional use period not equipped with deorbiting technology are considered space debris. Space debris can lead to collisions with other space objects which can contribute to a cascading increase in space debris known as the Kessler syndrome. Increasing amounts of space debris can make space exploration and utilization of LEO more difficult.

Space advertisers could face penalties if the advertisements are considered to eventually become space debris. Because objects in orbit can remain in orbit for long periods of time, it is possible that the object remains in orbit longer than the advertising entity still exists. If approved, obtrusive space advertisers can expect to comply with end-of-life deorbiting measures and anti-collision measures